2-D FFT
Compute two-dimensional fast Fourier transform of input
Library
Transforms
visiontransforms
Description
The 2-D FFT block computes the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The block does the computation of a two-dimensional M-by-N input matrix in two steps. First it computes the one-dimensional FFT along one dimension (row or column). Then it computes the FFT of the output of the first step along the other dimension (column or row).
The output of the 2-D FFT block is equivalent to the MATLAB®
fft2
function:
y = fft2(A) % Equivalent MATLAB code
Computing the FFT of each dimension of the input matrix is equivalent to calculating the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform (DFT), which is defined by the following equation:
where and .
The output of this block has the same dimensions as the input. If the input signal has a floating-point data type, the data type of the output signal uses the same floating-point data type. Otherwise, the output can be any fixed-point data type. The block computes scaled and unscaled versions of the FFT.
The input to this block can be floating-point or fixed-point,
real or complex, and conjugate symmetric. The block uses one of two
possible FFT implementations. You can select an implementation based
on the FFTW library [1], [2], or an implementation based on a
collection of Radix-2 algorithms. You can select Auto
to
allow the block to choose the implementation.
Port Description
Port | Description | Supported Data Types | Complex Values Supported |
---|---|---|---|
Input | Vector or matrix of intensity values |
| Yes |
Output | 2-D FFT of the input | Same as Input port | Yes |
FFTW Implementation
The FFTW implementation provides an optimized FFT calculation including support for power-of-two and non-power-of-two transform lengths in both simulation and code generation. Generated code using the FFTW implementation will be restricted to those computers which are capable of running MATLAB. The input data type must be floating-point.
Radix-2 Implementation
The Radix-2 implementation supports bit-reversed processing, fixed or floating-point data, and allows the block to provide portable C-code generation using the Simulink Coder. The dimensions of the input matrix, M and N, must be powers of two. To work with other input sizes, use the Image Pad block to pad or truncate these dimensions to powers of two, or if possible choose the FFTW implementation.
With Radix-2 selected, the block implements one or more of the following algorithms:
Butterfly operation
Double-signal algorithm
Half-length algorithm
Radix-2 decimation-in-time (DIT) algorithm
Radix-2 decimation-in-frequency (DIF) algorithm
Other Parameter Settings | Algorithms Used for IFFT Computation |
---|---|
Butterfly operation and radix-2 DIT | |
Radix-2 DIF | |
Butterfly operation and radix-2 DIT in conjunction with the half-length and double-signal algorithms | |
Radix-2 DIF in conjunction with the half-length and double-signal algorithms |
Other Parameter Settings | Algorithms Used for IFFT Computation |
---|---|
Butterfly operation and radix-2 DIT | |
Radix-2 DIF |
Note
The Input is conjugate symmetric parameter cannot be used for fixed-point signals.
In certain situations, the block’s Radix–2 algorithm computes all the possible trigonometric values of the twiddle factor
where K is the greater value of either M or N and . The block stores these values in a table and retrieves them during simulation. The number of table entries for fixed-point and floating-point is summarized in the following table:
Number of Table Entries for N-Point FFT | |
---|---|
floating-point | 3 N/4 |
fixed-point | N |
The following diagrams show the data types used in the FFT block for fixed-point signals. You can set the sine table, accumulator, product output, and output data types displayed in the diagrams in the FFT dialog box as discussed in Parameters.
Inputs to the FFT block are first cast to the output data type and stored in the output buffer. Each butterfly stage then processes signals in the accumulator data type, with the final output of the butterfly being cast back into the output data type. The block multiplies in a twiddle factor before each butterfly stage in a decimation-in-time FFT and after each butterfly stage in a decimation-in-frequency FFT.
The multiplier output appears in the accumulator data type because both of the inputs to the multiplier are complex. For details on the complex multiplication performed, refer to Multiplication Data Types.
Parameters
- FFT implementation
Set this parameter to
FFTW
[1], [2] to support an arbitrary length input signal. The block restricts generated code with FFTW implementation to host computers capable of running MATLAB.Set this parameter to
Radix-2
for bit-reversed processing, fixed or floating-point data, or for portable C-code generation using the Simulink Coder. The dimensions of the input matrix, M and N, must be powers of two. To work with other input sizes, use the Image Pad block to pad or truncate these dimensions to powers of two, or if possible choose the FFTW implementation. See Radix-2 Implementation.Set this parameter to
Auto
to let the block choose the FFT implementation. For non-power-of-two transform lengths, the block restricts generated code to MATLAB host computers.- Output in bit-reversed order
Designate the order of the output channel elements relative to the ordering of the input elements. When you select this check box, the output channel elements appear in bit-reversed order relative to the input ordering. If you clear this check box, the output channel elements appear in linear order relative to the input ordering.
Linearly ordering the output requires extra data sorting manipulation. For more information, see Bit-Reversed Order.
- Scale result by FFT length
When you select this parameter, the block divides the output of the FFT by the FFT length. This option is useful when you want the output of the FFT to stay in the same amplitude range as its input. This is particularly useful when working with fixed-point data types.
- Rounding mode
Select the Rounding Modes for fixed-point operations. The sine table values do not obey this parameter; instead, they always round to
Nearest
.- Saturate on integer overflow
Select the overflow mode for fixed-point operations. See Precision and Range. The sine table values do not obey this parameter; instead, they are always saturated.
- Sine table data type
Choose how you specify the word length of the values of the sine table. The fraction length of the sine table values always equals the word length minus one. You can set this parameter to:
A rule that inherits a data type, for example,
Inherit: Same word length as input
An expression that evaluates to a valid data type, for example,
fixdt(1,16)
The sine table values do not obey the Rounding mode and Saturate on integer overflow parameters; instead, they are always saturated and rounded to
Nearest
.- Product output data type
Specify the product output data type. See Fixed-Point Data Types and Multiplication Data Types for illustrations depicting the use of the product output data type in this block. You can set this parameter to:
A rule that inherits a data type, for example,
Inherit: Inherit via internal rule
An expression that evaluates to a valid data type, for example,
fixdt(1,16,0)
Click the Show data type assistant button
to display the Data Type Assistant, which helps you set the Product output data type parameter.
See Specify Data Types Using Data Type Assistant (Simulink) for more information.
- Accumulator data type
Specify the accumulator data type. See Fixed-Point Data Types for illustrations depicting the use of the accumulator data type in this block. You can set this parameter to:
A rule that inherits a data type, for example,
Inherit: Inherit via internal rule
An expression that evaluates to a valid data type, for example,
fixdt(1,16,0)
Click the Show data type assistant button
to display the Data Type Assistant, which helps you set the Accumulator data type parameter.
See Specify Data Types Using Data Type Assistant (Simulink) for more information.
- Output data type
Specify the output data type. See Fixed-Point Data Types for illustrations depicting the use of the output data type in this block. You can set this parameter to:
A rule that inherits a data type, for example,
Inherit: Inherit via internal rule
.When you select
Inherit: Inherit via internal rule
, the block calculates the output word length and fraction length automatically. The internal rule first calculates an ideal output word length and fraction length using the following equations:When you select the Divide butterfly outputs by two check box, the ideal output word and fraction lengths are the same as the input word and fraction lengths.
When you clear the Divide butterfly outputs by two check box, the block computes the ideal output word and fraction lengths according to the following equations:
Using these ideal results, the internal rule then selects word lengths and fraction lengths that are appropriate for your hardware. For more information, see Inherit via Internal Rule.
An expression that evaluates to a valid data type, for example,
fixdt(1,16,0)
Click the Show data type assistant button
to display the Data Type Assistant, which helps you set the Output data type parameter.
See Specify Data Types Using Data Type Assistant (Simulink) for more information.
- Lock data type settings against change by the fixed-point tools
Select this parameter to prevent the fixed-point tools from overriding the data types you specify on the block mask. For more information, see
fxptdlg
(Fixed-Point Designer), a reference page on the Fixed-Point Tool in the Simulink® documentation.
Example
Bit-Reversed Order
Two numbers are bit-reversed values of each other when the binary representation of one is the mirror image of the binary representation of the other. For example, in a three-bit system, one and four are bit-reversed values of each other because the three-bit binary representation of one, 001, is the mirror image of the three-bit binary representation of four, 100. The following diagram shows the row indices in linear order. To put them in bit-reversed order
Translate the indices into their binary representation with the minimum number of bits. In this example, the minimum number of bits is three because the binary representation of 7 is 111.
Find the mirror image of each binary entry, and write it beside the original binary representation.
Translate the indices back to their decimal representation.
The row indices now appear in bit-reversed order.
If, on the 2-D FFT block parameters dialog box, you select the Output in bit-reversed order check box, the block bit-reverses the order of both the columns and the rows. The next diagram illustrates the linear and bit-reversed outputs of the 2-D FFT block. The output values are the same, but they appear in different order.
References
[1] FFTW (https://www.fftw.org)
[2] Frigo, M. and S. G. Johnson, “FFTW: An Adaptive Software Architecture for the FFT,”Proceedings of the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 3, 1998, pp. 1381-1384.
See Also
Computer Vision Toolbox™ software | |
Computer Vision Toolbox software | |
Computer Vision Toolbox software | |
Computer Vision Toolbox software | |
| Signal Processing Toolbox software |
MATLAB | |
MATLAB | |
Simulink Coder | Simulink Coder™ |
Extended Capabilities
Version History
Introduced before R2006a