TransposedConvolution2DLayer
Transposed 2-D convolution layer
Description
A transposed 2-D convolution layer upsamples two-dimensional feature maps.
This layer is sometimes incorrectly known as a "deconvolution" or "deconv" layer. This layer is the transpose of convolution and does not perform deconvolution.
Creation
Create a transposed convolution 2-D layer using transposedConv2dLayer
.
Properties
Transposed Convolution
FilterSize
— Height and width of filters
vector of two positive integers
Height and width of the filters, specified as a vector of two positive
integers [h w]
, where h
is the
height and w
is the width.
FilterSize
defines the size of the local
regions to which the neurons connect in the input.
If you set FilterSize
using an input argument,
then you can specify FilterSize
as scalar to use
the same value for both dimensions.
Example:
[5 5]
specifies filters of height 5 and width
5.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
NumFilters
— Number of filters
positive integer
This property is read-only.
Number of filters, specified as a positive integer. This number corresponds to the number of neurons in the layer that connect to the same region in the input. This parameter determines the number of channels (feature maps) in the layer output.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
Stride
— Step size for traversing input
[1 1]
(default) | vector of two positive integers
Step size for traversing the input vertically and horizontally, specified as a vector
[a b]
of two positive integers, where a
is the
vertical step size and b
is the horizontal step size. When creating
the layer, you can specify Stride
as a scalar to use the same value
for both step sizes.
Example:
[2 3]
specifies a vertical step size of 2 and a horizontal step size
of 3.
CroppingMode
— Method to determine cropping size
'manual'
(default) |
'same'
Method to determine cropping size, specified as
'manual'
or same.
The software automatically sets the value of CroppingMode
based on the 'Cropping'
value you specify when creating the layer.
If you set the
Cropping
option to a numeric value, then the software automatically sets theCroppingMode
property of the layer to'manual'
.If you set the
'Cropping'
option to'same'
, then the software automatically sets theCroppingMode
property of the layer to'same'
and set the cropping so that the output size equalsinputSize .* Stride
, whereinputSize
is the height and width of the layer input.
To specify the cropping size, use the 'Cropping'
option of transposedConv2dLayer
.
CroppingSize
— Output size reduction
[0 0 0 0]
(default) | vector of four nonnegative integers
Output size reduction, specified as a vector of four nonnegative
integers [t b l r]
, where t
,
b
, l
, r
are
the amounts to crop from the top, bottom, left, and right,
respectively.
To specify the cropping size manually, use the 'Cropping'
option of transposedConv2dLayer
.
Example:
[0 1 0 1]
Cropping
— Output size reduction
[0 0]
(default) | vector of two nonnegative integers
Note
Cropping
property will be removed in a future
release. Use CroppingSize
instead. To specify the cropping size
manually, use the 'Cropping'
option of transposedConv2dLayer
.
Output size reduction, specified as a vector of two nonnegative
integers [a b]
, where a
corresponds to the cropping from the top and bottom and
b
corresponds to the cropping from the left and
right.
To specify the cropping size manually, use the 'Cropping'
option of transposedConv2dLayer
.
Example:
[0 1]
NumChannels
— Number of input channels
"auto"
(default) | positive integer
This property is read-only.
Number of input channels, specified as one of the following:
"auto"
— Automatically determine the number of input channels at training time.Positive integer — Configure the layer for the specified number of input channels.
NumChannels
and the number of channels in the layer input data must match. For example, if the input is an RGB image, thenNumChannels
must be 3. If the input is the output of a convolutional layer with 16 filters, thenNumChannels
must be 16.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
| char
| string
Parameters and Initialization
WeightsInitializer
— Function to initialize weights
"glorot"
(default) | "he"
| "narrow-normal"
| "zeros"
| "ones"
| function handle
Function to initialize the weights, specified as one of the following:
"glorot"
– Initialize the weights with the Glorot initializer [1] (also known as Xavier initializer). The Glorot initializer independently samples from a uniform distribution with zero mean and variance2/(numIn + numOut)
, wherenumIn = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*NumChannels
andnumOut = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*NumFilters
."he"
– Initialize the weights with the He initializer [2]. The He initializer samples from a normal distribution with zero mean and variance2/numIn
, wherenumIn = FilterSize(1)*FilterSize(2)*NumChannels
."narrow-normal"
– Initialize the weights by independently sampling from a normal distribution with zero mean and standard deviation 0.01."zeros"
– Initialize the weights with zeros."ones"
– Initialize the weights with ones.Function handle – Initialize the weights with a custom function. If you specify a function handle, then the function must be of the form
weights = func(sz)
, wheresz
is the size of the weights. For an example, see Specify Custom Weight Initialization Function.
The layer only initializes the weights when the Weights
property
is empty.
Data Types: char
| string
| function_handle
BiasInitializer
— Function to initialize biases
"zeros"
(default) | "narrow-normal"
| "ones"
| function handle
Function to initialize the biases, specified as one of these values:
"zeros"
— Initialize the biases with zeros."ones"
— Initialize the biases with ones."narrow-normal"
— Initialize the biases by independently sampling from a normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 0.01.Function handle — Initialize the biases with a custom function. If you specify a function handle, then the function must have the form
bias = func(sz)
, wheresz
is the size of the biases.
The layer initializes the biases only when the Bias
property is
empty.
The TransposedConvolution2DLayer
object stores this property as a character vector or a
function handle.
Data Types: char
| string
| function_handle
Weights
— Layer weights
[]
(default) | numeric array
Layer weights for the convolutional layer, specified as a
FilterSize(1)
-by-FilterSize(2)
-by-NumFilters
-by-NumChannels
array.
The layer weights are learnable parameters. You can specify the initial value of the weights
directly using the Weights
property of the layer. When
you train a network, if the Weights
property of the layer
is nonempty, then the trainnet
function uses the Weights
property as the initial value.
If the Weights
property is empty, then the software uses
the initializer specified by the WeightsInitializer
property of the layer.
Data Types: single
| double
Bias
— Layer biases
[]
(default) | numeric array
Layer biases for the convolutional layer, specified as a numeric array.
The layer biases are learnable parameters. When you train a neural network, if Bias
is nonempty, then the trainnet
function uses the Bias
property as the initial value. If
Bias
is empty, then software uses the initializer
specified by BiasInitializer
.
At training time, Bias
is a
1-by-1-by-NumFilters
array.
Data Types: single
| double
Learning Rate and Regularization
WeightLearnRateFactor
— Learning rate factor for weights
1
(default) | nonnegative scalar
Learning rate factor for the weights, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global learning rate to determine the learning rate for the weights in this layer. For example, if WeightLearnRateFactor
is 2
, then the learning rate for the weights in this layer is twice the current global learning rate. The software determines the global learning rate based on the settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
BiasLearnRateFactor
— Learning rate factor for biases
1
(default) | nonnegative scalar
Learning rate factor for the biases, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global learning rate to determine the learning rate for the biases in this layer. For example, if BiasLearnRateFactor
is 2
, then the learning rate for the biases in the layer is twice the current global learning rate. The software determines the global learning rate based on the settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
WeightL2Factor
— L2 regularization factor for
weights
1 (default) | nonnegative scalar
L2 regularization factor for the weights, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global L2 regularization factor to determine the L2 regularization for the weights in this layer. For example, if WeightL2Factor
is 2
, then the L2 regularization for the weights in this layer is twice the global L2 regularization factor. You can specify the global L2 regularization factor using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
BiasL2Factor
— L2 regularization factor for biases
0
(default) | nonnegative scalar
L2 regularization factor for the biases, specified as a nonnegative scalar.
The software multiplies this factor by the global L2 regularization factor to determine the L2 regularization for the biases in this layer. For example, if BiasL2Factor
is 2
, then the L2 regularization for the biases in this layer is twice the global L2 regularization factor. The software determines the global L2 regularization factor based on the settings you specify using the trainingOptions
function.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| int64
| uint8
| uint16
| uint32
| uint64
Layer
Name
— Layer name
""
(default) | character vector | string scalar
NumInputs
— Number of inputs
1
(default)
This property is read-only.
Number of inputs to the layer, returned as 1
. This layer accepts a
single input only.
Data Types: double
InputNames
— Input names
{'in'}
(default)
This property is read-only.
Input names, returned as {'in'}
. This layer accepts a single input
only.
Data Types: cell
NumOutputs
— Number of outputs
1
(default)
This property is read-only.
Number of outputs from the layer, returned as 1
. This layer has a
single output only.
Data Types: double
OutputNames
— Output names
{'out'}
(default)
This property is read-only.
Output names, returned as {'out'}
. This layer has a single output
only.
Data Types: cell
Examples
Create Transposed Convolutional Layer
Create a transposed convolutional layer with 96 filters, each with a height and width of 11. Use a stride of 4 in the horizontal and vertical directions.
layer = transposedConv2dLayer(11,96,'Stride',4);
Algorithms
2-D Transposed Convolutional Layer
A transposed 2-D convolution layer upsamples two-dimensional feature maps.
The standard convolution operation downsamples the input by applying sliding convolutional filters to the input. By flattening the input and output, you can express the convolution operation as for the convolution matrix C and bias vector B that can be derived from the layer weights and biases.
Similarly, the transposed convolution operation upsamples the input by applying sliding convolutional filters to the input. To upsample the input instead of downsampling using sliding filters, the layer zero-pads each edge of the input with padding that has the size of the corresponding filter edge size minus 1.
By flattening the input and output, the transposed convolution operation is equivalent to , where C and B denote the convolution matrix and bias vector for standard convolution derived from the layer weights and biases, respectively. This operation is equivalent to the backward function of a standard convolution layer.
This image shows a 3-by-3 filter upsampling 2-by-2 input. The lower map represents the input and the upper map represents the output. 1
Layer Input and Output Formats
Layers in a layer array or layer graph pass data to subsequent layers as formatted dlarray
objects.
The format of a dlarray
object is a string of characters in which each
character describes the corresponding dimension of the data. The formats consist of one or
more of these characters:
"S"
— Spatial"C"
— Channel"B"
— Batch"T"
— Time"U"
— Unspecified
For example, you can describe 2-D image data that is represented as a 4-D array, where the
first two dimensions correspond to the spatial dimensions of the images, the third
dimension corresponds to the channels of the images, and the fourth dimension
corresponds to the batch dimension, as having the format "SSCB"
(spatial, spatial, channel, batch).
You can interact with these dlarray
objects in automatic differentiation
workflows such as developing a custom layer, using a functionLayer
object, or using the forward
and predict
functions with
dlnetwork
objects.
This table shows the supported input formats of
TransposedConvolution2DLayer
objects and the corresponding output
format. If the output of the layer is passed to a custom layer that does not inherit from
the nnet.layer.Formattable
class, or a FunctionLayer
object with the Formattable
property set to 0
(false),
then the layer receives an unformatted dlarray
object with dimensions
ordered corresponding to the formats in this table.
Input Format | Output Format |
---|---|
|
|
|
|
In dlnetwork
objects, TransposedConvolution2DLayer
objects also support these input and output format combinations.
Input Format | Output Format |
---|---|
|
|
|
|
References
[1] Glorot, Xavier, and Yoshua Bengio. "Understanding the Difficulty of Training Deep Feedforward Neural Networks." In Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, 249–356. Sardinia, Italy: AISTATS, 2010. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v9/glorot10a/glorot10a.pdf
[2] He, Kaiming, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun. "Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classification." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 1026–34. Santiago, Chile: IEEE, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2015.123
Version History
Introduced in R2017bR2019a: Default weights initialization is Glorot
Starting in R2019a, the software, by default, initializes the layer weights of this layer using the Glorot initializer. This behavior helps stabilize training and usually reduces the training time of deep networks.
In previous releases, the software, by default, initializes the layer weights by sampling from
a normal distribution with zero mean and variance 0.01. To reproduce this behavior, set the
'WeightsInitializer'
option of the layer to
'narrow-normal'
.
R2019a: Cropping
property of TransposedConvolution2DLayer
will be removed
Cropping
property of
TransposedConvolution2DLayer
will be removed, use CroppingSize
instead. To update your code, replace all instances of
the Cropping
property with
CroppingSize
.
1 Image credit: Convolution arithmetic (License)
MATLAB 명령
다음 MATLAB 명령에 해당하는 링크를 클릭했습니다.
명령을 실행하려면 MATLAB 명령 창에 입력하십시오. 웹 브라우저는 MATLAB 명령을 지원하지 않습니다.
Select a Web Site
Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. Based on your location, we recommend that you select: .
You can also select a web site from the following list:
How to Get Best Site Performance
Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location.
Americas
- América Latina (Español)
- Canada (English)
- United States (English)
Europe
- Belgium (English)
- Denmark (English)
- Deutschland (Deutsch)
- España (Español)
- Finland (English)
- France (Français)
- Ireland (English)
- Italia (Italiano)
- Luxembourg (English)
- Netherlands (English)
- Norway (English)
- Österreich (Deutsch)
- Portugal (English)
- Sweden (English)
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom (English)