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pinv

Moore-Penrose inverse (pseudoinverse) of symbolic matrix

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Syntax

X = pinv(A)

Description

X = pinv(A) returns the pseudoinverse of A. Pseudoinverse is also called the Moore-Penrose inverse.

example

Examples

Compute Pseudoinverse of Matrix

Compute the pseudoinverse of this matrix. Because these numbers are not symbolic objects, you get floating-point results.

A = [1 1i 3; 1 3 2];
X = pinv(A)
X =
   0.0729 + 0.0312i   0.0417 - 0.0312i
  -0.2187 - 0.0521i   0.3125 + 0.0729i
   0.2917 + 0.0625i   0.0104 - 0.0938i

Now, convert this matrix to a symbolic object, and compute the pseudoinverse.

A = sym([1 1i 3; 1 3 2]);
X = pinv(A)
X =
[   7/96 + 1i/32, 1/24 - 1i/32]
[ - 7/32 - 5i/96, 5/16 + 7i/96]
[   7/24 + 1i/16, 1/96 - 3i/32]

Check that A*X*A = A and X*A*X = X.

isAlways(A*X*A == A)
ans =
  2×3 logical array
     1     1     1
     1     1     1
isAlways(X*A*X == X)
ans =
  3×2 logical array
     1     1
     1     1
     1     1

Now, verify that A*X and X*A are Hermitian matrices.

isAlways(A*X == (A*X)')
ans =
  2×2 logical array
     1     1
     1     1
isAlways(X*A == (X*A)')
ans =
  3×3 logical array
     1     1     1
     1     1     1
     1     1     1

Compute Pseudoinverse of Matrix

Compute the pseudoinverse of this matrix.

syms a
A = [1 a; -a 1];
X = pinv(A)
X =
[ (a*conj(a) + 1)/(a^2*conj(a)^2 + a^2 + conj(a)^2 + 1) -...
(conj(a)*(a - conj(a)))/(a^2*conj(a)^2 + a^2 + conj(a)^2 + 1),
- (a - conj(a))/(a^2*conj(a)^2 + a^2 + conj(a)^2 + 1) -...
(conj(a)*(a*conj(a) + 1))/(a^2*conj(a)^2 + a^2 + conj(a)^2 + 1)]
[ (a - conj(a))/(a^2*conj(a)^2 + a^2 + conj(a)^2 + 1) +...
(conj(a)*(a*conj(a) + 1))/(a^2*conj(a)^2 + a^2 + conj(a)^2 + 1),
(a*conj(a) + 1)/(a^2*conj(a)^2 + a^2 + conj(a)^2 + 1) -...
(conj(a)*(a - conj(a)))/(a^2*conj(a)^2 + a^2 + conj(a)^2 + 1)]

Now, compute the pseudoinverse of A assuming that a is real.

assume(a,'real')
A = [1 a; -a 1];
X = pinv(A)
X =
[ 1/(a^2 + 1), -a/(a^2 + 1)]
[ a/(a^2 + 1),  1/(a^2 + 1)]

For further computations, remove the assumption on a by recreating it using syms.

syms a

Input Arguments

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Input, specified as a symbolic matrix.

Output Arguments

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Pseudoinverse of matrix, returned as a symbolic matrix, such that A*X*A = A and X*A*X = X.

More About

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Moore-Penrose Pseudoinverse

The pseudoinverse of an m-by-n matrix A is an n-by-m matrix X, such that A*X*A = A and X*A*X = X. The matrices A*X and X*A must be Hermitian.

Tips

  • Calling pinv for numeric arguments that are not symbolic objects invokes the MATLAB® pinv function.

  • For an invertible matrix A, the Moore-Penrose inverse X of A coincides with the inverse of A.

Version History

Introduced in R2013a

See Also

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