Documentation

# dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator

Interpolate by a factor of two using polyphase IIR

## Description

The dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator System object™ performs efficient polyphase interpolation of the input signal by a factor of two. To design the halfband filter, you can specify the object to use an elliptic design or a quasi-linear phase design. The object uses these design methods to compute the filter coefficients. To filter the inputs, the object uses a polyphase structure. The allpass filters in the polyphase structure are in a minimum multiplier form.

Elliptic design introduces nonlinear phase and creates the filter using fewer coefficients than quasi linear design. Quasi-linear phase design overcomes phase nonlinearity at the cost of additional coefficients.

Alternatively, instead of designing the halfband filter using a design method, you can specify the filter coefficients directly. When you choose this option, the allpass filters in the two branches of the polyphase implementation can be in a minimum multiplier form or in a wave digital form.

You can also use dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator object to implement the synthesis portion of a two-band filter bank to synthesize a signal from lowpass and highpass subbands.

To upsample and interpolate your data:

1. Create the dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator object and set its properties.

2. Call the object with arguments, as if it were a function.

## Creation

### Description

iirhalfbandinterp = dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator returns an IIR halfband interpolation filter, iirhalfbandinterp, with the default settings. Under the default settings, the System object upsamples and interpolates the input data using a halfband frequency of 22050 Hz, a transition width of 4100 Hz, and a stopband attenuation of 80 dB.

example

iirhalfbandinterp = dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator(Name,Value) returns an IIR halfband interpolator, with additional properties specified by one or more Name,Value pair arguments.

Example: iirhalfbandinterp = dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator('Specification','Filter order and stopband attenuation') creates an IIR halfband interpolator object with filter order set to 9 and stopband attenuation set to 80 dB.

## Properties

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Unless otherwise indicated, properties are nontunable, which means you cannot change their values after calling the object. Objects lock when you call them, and the release function unlocks them.

If a property is tunable, you can change its value at any time.

Filter design parameters, specified as a character vector. When you set Specification to one of the filter design options, you can specify the filter design parameters using the corresponding FilterOrder, StopbandAttenuation, and TransitionWidth properties. Also, you can specify the design method using DesignMethod. When you set Specification to 'Coefficients', you can specify the coefficients directly.

Order of the IIR halfband filter, specified as a positive scalar integer. If you set DesignMethod to 'Elliptic', then FilterOrder must be an odd integer greater than one. If you set DesignMethod to 'Quasi-linear phase', then FilterOrder must be a multiple of four.

#### Dependencies

This property applies when you set Specification to 'Filter order and stopband attenuation' or 'Filter order and transition width'.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64

Minimum attenuation needed in the stopband of the IIR halfband filter, specified as a positive real scalar. Units are in dB.

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to 'Filter order and stopband attenuation' or 'Transition width and stopband attenuation'.

Data Types: single | double

Transition width of the IIR halfband filter, specified as a positive real scalar. Units are in Hz. The value of the transition width must be less than half the input sample rate.

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to 'Transition width and stopband attenuation' or 'Filter order and transition width'.

Data Types: single | double

Design method for the IIR halfband filter, specified as 'Elliptic' or 'Quasi-linear phase'. When the property is set to 'Quasi-linear phase', the first branch of the polyphase structure is a pure delay, which results in an approximately linear phase response.

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to any accepted value except 'Coefficients'.

Input sample rate, specified as a positive real scalar. Units are in Hz.

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to any accepted value except 'Coefficients'.

Data Types: single | double

Option to use object as synthesis filter bank, specified as a logical value. If this property is false, dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator acts as an interpolator. If this property is true, then dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator acts as a synthesis filter bank and the algorithm accepts two inputs: the lowpass and highpass subbands.

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to any accepted value except 'Coefficients'.

Internal allpass filter implementation structure, specified as 'Minimum multiplier' or 'Wave Digital Filter'. Each structure uses a different coefficients set, independently stored in the corresponding object property.

This property is not tunable.

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set 'Specification' to 'Coefficients'.

Allpass polynomial filter coefficients of the first branch, specified as an N-by-1 or N-by-2 matrix. N is the number of first-order or second-order allpass sections.

Tunable: Yes

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to 'Coefficients' and Structure to 'Minimum multiplier'.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64

Allpass polynomial filter coefficients of the second branch, specified as an N-by-1 or N-by-2 matrix. N is the number of first-order or second-order allpass sections.

Tunable: Yes

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to 'Coefficients' and Structure to 'Minimum multiplier'.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64

Allpass filter coefficients of the first branch in Wave Digital Filter form, specified as an N-by-1 or N-by-2 matrix. N is the number of first-order or second-order allpass sections. All elements must have an absolute value less than or equal to 1.

This property is not tunable.

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to 'Coefficients' and Structure to 'Wave Digital Filter'.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64

Allpass filter coefficients of the second branch in Wave Digital Filter form, specified as an N-by-1 or N-by-2 matrix. N is the number of first-order or second-order allpass sections. All elements must have an absolute value less than or equal to 1.

This property is not tunable.

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to 'Coefficients' and Structure to 'Wave Digital Filter'.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64

Flag to make the first allpass branch a delay, specified as a logical scalar. When this property is true, the first branch is treated as a pure delay and the properties AllpassCoefficients1 and WDFCoefficients1 do not apply.

This property is not tunable.

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to 'Coefficients'.

Length of the first branch delay, specified as a finite positive scalar. The value of this property specifies the number of samples by which you can delay the input to the first branch.

This property is not tunable.

#### Dependencies

This property is applicable only when you set 'Specification' to 'Coefficients' and HasPureDelayBranch to 1.

Data Types: single | double

Option to treat the last section of the second branch as first order, specified as a logical scalar. When this property is 1 and the coefficients of the second branch are in an N-by-2 matrix, the object ignores the second element of the last row of the matrix. The last section of the second branch then becomes a first-order section. When this property is set to 0, the last section of the second branch is a second-order section. When the coefficients of the second branch are in an N-by-1 matrix, this property is ignored.

This property is not tunable.

#### Dependencies

This property applies only when you set Specification to 'Coefficients'.

## Usage

### Description

example

y = iirhalfbandinterp(x1) upsamples by two and interpolates the input signal x1 using the IIR halfband interpolator, iirhalfbandinterp.

example

y = iirhalfbandinterp(x1,x2) implements a halfband synthesis filter bank for the inputs x1 and x2. x1 is the lowpass output of a halfband analysis filter bank and x2 is the highpass output of a halfband analysis filter bank. dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator implements a synthesis filter bank only when the FilterBankInputPort property is true.

### Input Arguments

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Data input to the IIR halfband interpolator, specified as a column vector or a matrix. This signal is the lowpass output of a halfband analysis filter bank. If the input signal is a matrix, each column of the matrix is treated as an independent channel.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

Second data input to the synthesis filter bank, specified as a column vector or a matrix. This signal is the highpass output of a halfband analysis filter bank. If the input signal is a matrix, each column of the matrix is treated as an independent channel.

The size, data type, and complexity of both the inputs must be the same.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

### Output Arguments

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Output of the interpolator, returned as a column vector or a matrix. The number of rows in the interpolator output is twice the number of rows in the input signal.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

## Object Functions

To use an object function, specify the System object as the first input argument. For example, to release system resources of a System object named obj, use this syntax:

release(obj)

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 freqz Frequency response of filter fvtool Visualize frequency response of DSP filters info Information about filter System object cost Estimate cost for implementing filter System objects polyphase Polyphase decomposition of multirate filter
 step Run System object algorithm release Release resources and allow changes to System object property values and input characteristics reset Reset internal states of System object

## Examples

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Create a minimum order lowpass IIR half-band interpolation filter for data sampled at 44.1 kHz. The filter has a transition width of 4.1 kHz, and a stopband attenuation of 80 dB.

IIRHalfbandInterp = dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator(...
'DesignMethod', 'Quasi-linear phase');

Obtain filter coefficients

c = coeffs(IIRHalfbandInterp);

Plot the Magnitude and Phase response

fvtool(IIRHalfbandInterp,'Analysis','freq')

Use a halfband analysis filter bank and interpolation filter to extract the low frequency subband from a speech signal.

Note: If you are using R2016a or an earlier release, replace each call to the object with the equivalent step syntax. For example, obj(x) becomes step(obj,x).

Note: The dsp.AudioFileReader and audioDeviceWriter System objects are not supported in MATLAB Online.

Set up the audio file reader, the analysis filter bank, the audio device writer, and the interpolation filter. The sampling rate of the audio data is 22050 Hz. The halfband filter has an order of 21 and a transition width of 2 kHz.

filterspec = 'Filter order and transition width';
Order = 21;
TW = 2000;

IIRHalfbandDecim = dsp.IIRHalfbandDecimator(...
'Specification',filterspec,'FilterOrder',Order,...
'TransitionWidth',TW,'SampleRate',afr.SampleRate);

IIRHalfbandInterp = dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator(...
'Specification',filterspec,'FilterOrder',Order,...
'TransitionWidth',TW,'SampleRate',afr.SampleRate/2);

ap = audioDeviceWriter('SampleRate',afr.SampleRate);

View the magnitude response of the halfband filter.

fvtool(IIRHalfbandDecim)

Read the speech signal from the audio file in frames of 1024 samples. Filter the speech signal into lowpass and highpass subbands with a halfband frequency of 5512.5 Hz. Reconstruct a lowpass approximation of the speech signal by interpolating the lowpass subband. Play the filtered output.

while ~isDone(afr)
audioframe = afr();
xlo = IIRHalfbandDecim(audioframe);
ylow = IIRHalfbandInterp(xlo);
ap(ylow);
end

Wait until the audio file ends, and then close the input file and release the audio output resource.

release(afr);
release(ap);

Use a halfband decimator and interpolator to implement a two-channel filter bank. This example uses an audio file input and shows that the power spectrum of the filter bank output does not differ significantly from the input.

Note: If you are using R2016a or an earlier release, replace each call to the object with the equivalent step syntax. For example, obj(x) becomes step(obj,x).

Note: The dsp.AudioFileReader and audioDeviceWriter System objects are not supported in MATLAB Online.

Set up the audio file reader and audio device writer. Construct the IIR halfband decimator and interpolator. Finally, set up the spectrum analyzer to display the power spectra of the filter-bank input and output.

AP = audioDeviceWriter('SampleRate',AF.SampleRate);

filterspec = 'Filter order and transition width';
Order = 51;
TW = 2000;

IIRHalfbandDecim = dsp.IIRHalfbandDecimator(...
'Specification',filterspec,'FilterOrder',Order,...
'TransitionWidth',TW,'SampleRate',AF.SampleRate);

IIRHalfbandInterp = dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator(...
'Specification',filterspec,'FilterOrder',Order,...
'TransitionWidth',TW,'SampleRate',AF.SampleRate/2,...
'FilterBankInputPort',true);

SpecAna = dsp.SpectrumAnalyzer('SampleRate',AF.SampleRate,...
'PlotAsTwoSidedSpectrum',false,'ReducePlotRate',false,...
'ShowLegend',true,...
'ChannelNames',{'Input signal','Filtered output signal'});

Read the audio 1024 samples at a time. Filter the input to obtain the lowpass and highpass subband signals decimated by a factor of two. This is the analysis filter bank. Use the halfband interpolator as the synthesis filter bank. Display the running power spectrum of the audio input and the output of the synthesis filter bank. Play the output.

while ~isDone(AF)
audioInput = AF();
[xlo,xhigh] = IIRHalfbandDecim(audioInput);
audioOutput = IIRHalfbandInterp(xlo,xhigh);
spectrumInput = [audioInput audioOutput];
SpecAna(spectrumInput);
AP(audioOutput);
end

release(AF);
release(AP);
release(SpecAna);

Note: This example runs only in R2016b or later. If you are using an earlier release, replace each call to the function with the equivalent step syntax. For example, myObject(x) becomes step(myObject,x).

Create a half-band interpolation filter for data sampled at 44.1 kHz. The filter order is 51 with a transition width of 4.1 kHz. Use the filter to upsample and interpolate a multichannel input.

Fs = 44.1e3;
filterspec = 'Filter order and transition width';
Order = 51;
TW = 4.1e3;
iirhalfbandinterp = dsp.IIRHalfbandInterpolator(...
'Specification',filterspec,...
'FilterOrder',Order,...
'TransitionWidth',TW,...
'SampleRate',Fs);

x = randn(1024,4);
y = iirhalfbandinterp(x);

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## References

[1] Lang, M. Allpass Filter Design and Applications. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. Vol. 46, No. 9, Sept 1998, pp. 2505–2514.

[2] Harris, F.J. Multirate Signal Processing for Communication Systems. Prentice Hall. 2004, pp. 208–209.

[3] Regalia, Phillip A., Sanjit K. Mitra, and P. P. Vaidyanathan. "The Digital All-Pass Filter: A Versatile Signal Processing Building Block." Proceedings of the IEEE. Vol. 76, Number 1, 1988, pp. 19-37.

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