# fitglm

Create generalized linear regression model

## Description

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mdl = fitglm(tbl) returns a generalized linear model fit to variables in the table or dataset array tbl. By default, fitglm takes the last variable as the response variable.

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mdl = fitglm(X,y) returns a generalized linear model of the responses y, fit to the data matrix X.

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mdl = fitglm(___,modelspec) returns a generalized linear model of the type you specify in modelspec.

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mdl = fitglm(___,Name,Value) returns a generalized linear model with additional options specified by one or more Name,Value pair arguments.

For example, you can specify which variables are categorical, the distribution of the response variable, and the link function to use.

## Examples

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Make a logistic binomial model of the probability of smoking as a function of age, weight, and sex, using a two-way interactions model.

dsa = hospital;

Specify the model using a formula that allows up to two-way interactions between the variables age, weight, and sex. Smoker is the response variable.

modelspec = 'Smoker ~ Age*Weight*Sex - Age:Weight:Sex';

Fit a logistic binomial model.

mdl = fitglm(dsa,modelspec,'Distribution','binomial')
mdl =
Generalized linear regression model:
logit(Smoker) ~ 1 + Sex*Age + Sex*Weight + Age*Weight
Distribution = Binomial

Estimated Coefficients:
Estimate         SE         tStat      pValue
___________    _________    ________    _______

(Intercept)            -6.0492       19.749     -0.3063    0.75938
Sex_Male               -2.2859       12.424    -0.18399    0.85402
Age                    0.11691      0.50977     0.22934    0.81861
Weight                0.031109      0.15208     0.20455    0.83792
Sex_Male:Age          0.020734      0.20681     0.10025    0.92014
Sex_Male:Weight        0.01216     0.053168     0.22871     0.8191
Age:Weight         -0.00071959    0.0038964    -0.18468    0.85348

100 observations, 93 error degrees of freedom
Dispersion: 1
Chi^2-statistic vs. constant model: 5.07, p-value = 0.535

All of the p-values (under pValue) are large. This means none of the coefficients are significant. The large $p$-value for the test of the model, 0.535, indicates that this model might not differ statistically from a constant model.

Create sample data with 20 predictors, and Poisson response using just three of the predictors, plus a constant.

rng('default') % for reproducibility
X = randn(100,7);
mu = exp(X(:,[1 3 6])*[.4;.2;.3] + 1);
y = poissrnd(mu);

Fit a generalized linear model using the Poisson distribution.

mdl =  fitglm(X,y,'linear','Distribution','poisson')
mdl =
Generalized linear regression model:
log(y) ~ 1 + x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7
Distribution = Poisson

Estimated Coefficients:
Estimate        SE        tStat        pValue
_________    ________    ________    __________

(Intercept)      0.88723    0.070969      12.502    7.3149e-36
x1               0.44413    0.052337      8.4858    2.1416e-17
x2             0.0083388    0.056527     0.14752       0.88272
x3               0.21518    0.063416      3.3932    0.00069087
x4             -0.058386    0.065503    -0.89135       0.37274
x5             -0.060824    0.073441     -0.8282       0.40756
x6               0.34267    0.056778      6.0352    1.5878e-09
x7               0.04316     0.06146     0.70225       0.48252

100 observations, 92 error degrees of freedom
Dispersion: 1
Chi^2-statistic vs. constant model: 119, p-value = 1.55e-22

The p-values of 2.14e-17, 0.00069, and 1.58e-09 indicate that the coefficients of the variables x1, x3, and |x6|are statistically significant.

## Input Arguments

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Input data including predictor and response variables, specified as a table or dataset array. The predictor variables and response variable can be numeric, logical, categorical, character, or string. The response variable can have a data type other than numeric only if 'Distribution' is 'binomial'.

• By default, fitglm takes the last variable as the response variable and the others as the predictor variables.

• To set a different column as the response variable, use the ResponseVar name-value pair argument.

• To use a subset of the columns as predictors, use the PredictorVars name-value pair argument.

• To define a model specification, set the modelspec argument using a formula or terms matrix. The formula or terms matrix specifies which columns to use as the predictor or response variables.

The variable names in a table do not have to be valid MATLAB® identifiers. However, if the names are not valid, you cannot use a formula when you fit or adjust a model; for example:

• You cannot specify modelspec using a formula.

• You cannot use a formula to specify the terms to add or remove when you use the addTerms function or the removeTerms function, respectively.

• You cannot use a formula to specify the lower and upper bounds of the model when you use the step or stepwiseglm function with the name-value pair arguments 'Lower' and 'Upper', respectively.

You can verify the variable names in tbl by using the isvarname function. The following code returns logical 1 (true) for each variable that has a valid variable name.

cellfun(@isvarname,tbl.Properties.VariableNames)
If the variable names in tbl are not valid, then convert them by using the matlab.lang.makeValidName function.
tbl.Properties.VariableNames = matlab.lang.makeValidName(tbl.Properties.VariableNames);

Predictor variables, specified as an n-by-p matrix, where n is the number of observations and p is the number of predictor variables. Each column of X represents one variable, and each row represents one observation.

By default, there is a constant term in the model, unless you explicitly remove it, so do not include a column of 1s in X.

Data Types: single | double

Response variable, specified as a vector or matrix.

• If 'Distribution' is not 'binomial', then y must be an n-by-1 vector, where n is the number of observations. Each entry in y is the response for the corresponding row of X. The data type must be single or double.

• If 'Distribution' is 'binomial', then y can be an n-by-1 vector or n-by-2 matrix with counts in column 1 and BinomialSize in column 2.

Data Types: single | double | logical | categorical

Model specification, specified as one of these values.

• A character vector or string scalar naming the model.

ValueModel Type
'constant'Model contains only a constant (intercept) term.
'linear'Model contains an intercept and linear term for each predictor.
'interactions'Model contains an intercept, linear term for each predictor, and all products of pairs of distinct predictors (no squared terms).
'purequadratic'Model contains an intercept term and linear and squared terms for each predictor.
'quadratic'Model contains an intercept term, linear and squared terms for each predictor, and all products of pairs of distinct predictors.
'polyijk'Model is a polynomial with all terms up to degree i in the first predictor, degree j in the second predictor, and so on. Specify the maximum degree for each predictor by using numerals 0 though 9. The model contains interaction terms, but the degree of each interaction term does not exceed the maximum value of the specified degrees. For example, 'poly13' has an intercept and x1, x2, x22, x23, x1*x2, and x1*x22 terms, where x1 and x2 are the first and second predictors, respectively.
• A t-by-(p + 1) matrix, or a Terms Matrix, specifying terms in the model, where t is the number of terms and p is the number of predictor variables, and +1 accounts for the response variable. A terms matrix is convenient when the number of predictors is large and you want to generate the terms programmatically.

• A character vector or string scalar representing a Formula in the form

'Y ~ terms',

where the terms are in Wilkinson Notation. The variable names in the formula must be valid MATLAB identifiers.

The software determines the order of terms in a fitted model by using the order of terms in tbl or X. Therefore, the order of terms in the model can be different from the order of terms in the specified formula.

### Name-Value Pair Arguments

Specify optional comma-separated pairs of Name,Value arguments. Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name must appear inside quotes. You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN.

Example: 'Distribution','normal','link','probit','Exclude',[23,59] specifies that the distribution of the response is normal, and instructs fitglm to use the probit link function and exclude the 23rd and 59th observations from the fit.

Number of trials for binomial distribution, that is the sample size, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'BinomialSize' and the variable name in tbl, a numeric scalar, or a numeric vector of the same length as the response. This is the parameter n for the fitted binomial distribution. BinomialSize applies only when the Distribution parameter is 'binomial'.

If BinomialSize is a scalar value, that means all observations have the same number of trials.

As an alternative to BinomialSize, you can specify the response as a two-column matrix with counts in column 1 and BinomialSize in column 2.

Data Types: single | double | char | string

Categorical variable list, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'CategoricalVars' and either a string array or cell array of character vectors containing categorical variable names in the table or dataset array tbl, or a logical or numeric index vector indicating which columns are categorical.

• If data is in a table or dataset array tbl, then, by default, fitglm treats all categorical values, logical values, character arrays, string arrays, and cell arrays of character vectors as categorical variables.

• If data is in matrix X, then the default value of 'CategoricalVars' is an empty matrix []. That is, no variable is categorical unless you specify it as categorical.

For example, you can specify the observations 2 and 3 out of 6 as categorical using either of the following examples.

Example: 'CategoricalVars',[2,3]

Example: 'CategoricalVars',logical([0 1 1 0 0 0])

Data Types: single | double | logical | string | cell

Indicator to compute dispersion parameter for 'binomial' and 'poisson' distributions, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'DispersionFlag' and one of the following.

 true Estimate a dispersion parameter when computing standard errors. The estimated dispersion parameter value is the sum of squared Pearson residuals divided by the degrees of freedom for error (DFE). false Default. Use the theoretical value when computing standard errors.

The fitting function always estimates the dispersion for other distributions.

Example: 'DispersionFlag',true

Distribution of the response variable, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Distribution' and one of the following.

 'normal' Normal distribution 'binomial' Binomial distribution 'poisson' Poisson distribution 'gamma' Gamma distribution 'inverse gaussian' Inverse Gaussian distribution

Example: 'Distribution','gamma'

Observations to exclude from the fit, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Exclude' and a logical or numeric index vector indicating which observations to exclude from the fit.

For example, you can exclude observations 2 and 3 out of 6 using either of the following examples.

Example: 'Exclude',[2,3]

Example: 'Exclude',logical([0 1 1 0 0 0])

Data Types: single | double | logical

Indicator for the constant term (intercept) in the fit, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Intercept' and either true to include or false to remove the constant term from the model.

Use 'Intercept' only when specifying the model using a character vector or string scalar, not a formula or matrix.

Example: 'Intercept',false

Offset variable in the fit, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Offset' and the variable name in tbl or a numeric vector with the same length as the response.

fitglm uses Offset as an additional predictor with a coefficient value fixed at 1. In other words, the formula for fitting is

f(μ) = Offset + X*b,

where f is the link function, μ is the mean response, and X*b is the linear combination of predictors X. The Offset predictor has coefficient 1.

For example, consider a Poisson regression model. Suppose the number of counts is known for theoretical reasons to be proportional to a predictor A. By using the log link function and by specifying log(A) as an offset, you can force the model to satisfy this theoretical constraint.

Data Types: single | double | char | string

Predictor variables to use in the fit, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'PredictorVars' and either a string array or cell array of character vectors of the variable names in the table or dataset array tbl, or a logical or numeric index vector indicating which columns are predictor variables.

The string values or character vectors should be among the names in tbl, or the names you specify using the 'VarNames' name-value pair argument.

The default is all variables in X, or all variables in tbl except for ResponseVar.

For example, you can specify the second and third variables as the predictor variables using either of the following examples.

Example: 'PredictorVars',[2,3]

Example: 'PredictorVars',logical([0 1 1 0 0 0])

Data Types: single | double | logical | string | cell

Response variable to use in the fit, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'ResponseVar' and either a character vector or string scalar containing the variable name in the table or dataset array tbl, or a logical or numeric index vector indicating which column is the response variable. You typically need to use 'ResponseVar' when fitting a table or dataset array tbl.

For example, you can specify the fourth variable, say yield, as the response out of six variables, in one of the following ways.

Example: 'ResponseVar','yield'

Example: 'ResponseVar',[4]

Example: 'ResponseVar',logical([0 0 0 1 0 0])

Data Types: single | double | logical | char | string

Names of variables, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'VarNames' and a string array or cell array of character vectors including the names for the columns of X first, and the name for the response variable y last.

'VarNames' is not applicable to variables in a table or dataset array, because those variables already have names.

The variable names do not have to be valid MATLAB identifiers. However, if the names are not valid, you cannot use a formula when you fit or adjust a model; for example:

• You cannot use a formula to specify the terms to add or remove when you use the addTerms function or the removeTerms function, respectively.

• You cannot use a formula to specify the lower and upper bounds of the model when you use the step or stepwiseglm function with the name-value pair arguments 'Lower' and 'Upper', respectively.

Before specifying 'VarNames',varNames, you can verify the variable names in varNames by using the isvarname function. The following code returns logical 1 (true) for each variable that has a valid variable name.

cellfun(@isvarname,varNames)
If the variable names in varNames are not valid, then convert them by using the matlab.lang.makeValidName function.
varNames = matlab.lang.makeValidName(varNames);

Example: 'VarNames',{'Horsepower','Acceleration','Model_Year','MPG'}

Data Types: string | cell

Observation weights, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Weights' and an n-by-1 vector of nonnegative scalar values, where n is the number of observations.

Data Types: single | double

## Output Arguments

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Generalized linear regression model, specified as a GeneralizedLinearModel object created using fitglm or stepwiseglm.

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### Terms Matrix

A terms matrix T is a t-by-(p + 1) matrix specifying terms in a model, where t is the number of terms, p is the number of predictor variables, and +1 accounts for the response variable. The value of T(i,j) is the exponent of variable j in term i.

For example, suppose that an input includes three predictor variables A, B, and C and the response variable Y in the order A, B, C, and Y. Each row of T represents one term:

• [0 0 0 0] — Constant term or intercept

• [0 1 0 0]B; equivalently, A^0 * B^1 * C^0

• [1 0 1 0]A*C

• [2 0 0 0]A^2

• [0 1 2 0]B*(C^2)

The 0 at the end of each term represents the response variable. In general, a column vector of zeros in a terms matrix represents the position of the response variable. If you have the predictor and response variables in a matrix and column vector, then you must include 0 for the response variable in the last column of each row.

### Formula

A formula for model specification is a character vector or string scalar of the form 'Y ~ terms'.

• Y is the response name.

• terms represents the predictor terms in a model using Wilkinson notation.

For example:

• 'Y ~ A + B + C' specifies a three-variable linear model with intercept.

• 'Y ~ A + B + C – 1' specifies a three-variable linear model without intercept. Note that formulas include a constant (intercept) term by default. To exclude a constant term from the model, you must include –1 in the formula.

### Wilkinson Notation

Wilkinson notation describes the terms present in a model. The notation relates to the terms present in a model, not to the multipliers (coefficients) of those terms.

Wilkinson notation uses these symbols:

• + means include the next variable.

• means do not include the next variable.

• : defines an interaction, which is a product of terms.

• * defines an interaction and all lower-order terms.

• ^ raises the predictor to a power, exactly as in * repeated, so ^ includes lower-order terms as well.

• () groups terms.

This table shows typical examples of Wilkinson notation.

Wilkinson NotationTerm in Standard Notation
1Constant (intercept) term
A^k, where k is a positive integerA, A2, ..., Ak
A + BA, B
A*BA, B, A*B
A:BA*B only
–BDo not include B
A*B + CA, B, C, A*B
A + B + C + A:BA, B, C, A*B
A*B*C – A:B:CA, B, C, A*B, A*C, B*C
A*(B + C)A, B, C, A*B, A*C

Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox™ notation always includes a constant term unless you explicitly remove the term using –1.

For more details, see Wilkinson Notation.

The default link function for a generalized linear model is the canonical link function.

'normal''identity'f(μ) = μμ = Xb
'binomial''logit'f(μ) = log(μ/(1 – μ))μ = exp(Xb) / (1 + exp(Xb))
'poisson''log'f(μ) = log(μ)μ = exp(Xb)
'gamma'-1f(μ) = 1/μμ = 1/(Xb)
'inverse gaussian'-2f(μ) = 1/μ2μ = (Xb)–1/2

## Tips

• The generalized linear model mdl is a standard linear model unless you specify otherwise with the Distribution name-value pair.

• For methods such as plotResiduals or devianceTest, or properties of the GeneralizedLinearModel object, see GeneralizedLinearModel.

• After training a model, you can generate C/C++ code that predicts responses for new data. Generating C/C++ code requires MATLAB Coder™. For details, see Introduction to Code Generation.

## Algorithms

• fitglm treats a categorical predictor as follows:

• A model with a categorical predictor that has L levels (categories) includes L – 1 indicator variables. The model uses the first category as a reference level, so it does not include the indicator variable for the reference level. If the data type of the categorical predictor is categorical, then you can check the order of categories by using categories and reorder the categories by using reordercats to customize the reference level.

• fitglm treats the group of L – 1 indicator variables as a single variable. If you want to treat the indicator variables as distinct predictor variables, create indicator variables manually by using dummyvar. Then use the indicator variables, except the one corresponding to the reference level of the categorical variable, when you fit a model. For the categorical predictor X, if you specify all columns of dummyvar(X) and an intercept term as predictors, then the design matrix becomes rank deficient.

• Interaction terms between a continuous predictor and a categorical predictor with L levels consist of the element-wise product of the L – 1 indicator variables with the continuous predictor.

• Interaction terms between two categorical predictors with L and M levels consist of the (L – 1)*(M – 1) indicator variables to include all possible combinations of the two categorical predictor levels.

• You cannot specify higher-order terms for a categorical predictor because the square of an indicator is equal to itself.

• fitglm considers NaN, '' (empty character vector), "" (empty string), <missing>, and <undefined> values in tbl, X, and Y to be missing values. fitglm does not use observations with missing values in the fit. The ObservationInfo property of a fitted model indicates whether or not fitglm uses each observation in the fit.

## Alternative Functionality

• Use stepwiseglm to select a model specification automatically. Use step, addTerms, or removeTerms to adjust a fitted model.

## References

[1] Collett, D. Modeling Binary Data. New York: Chapman & Hall, 2002.

[2] Dobson, A. J. An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1990.

[3] McCullagh, P., and J. A. Nelder. Generalized Linear Models. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1990.