odeEvent
Description
odeEvent
objects define events that the solver detects while
solving an ordinary differential equation. An event occurs when one of the event functions you
specify crosses zero. You can specify the type of zero crossings to detect and what actions
should be performed when an event occurs, including the use of a custom callback function. For
example, you can use event functions to detect when an object hits the ground or when a planet
completes an orbit.
Create an ode
object to
represent the ODE problem, and specify an odeEvent
object as the value of the
EventDefinition
property to incorporate event detection into the
problem.
Creation
Description
creates an
E
= odeEventodeEvent
object with empty properties.
specifies one or more property values using name-value arguments. For example, E
= odeEvent(Name=Value
)E
= odeEvent(Direction="ascending")
defines an event for ascending zero
crossings.
Properties
EventFcn
— Event function
function handle
Event function, specified as a function handle. The event function defines one or
more expressions based on the current values of the solution (t,y)
or, when EquationType
is "fullyimplicit"
,
(t,y,yp)
from the solver. The output of the event function can be a
scalar (to detect a single event) or a vector (to detect multiple events). An event
occurs when the value of one or more of the outputs from the event function crosses
zero.
The event function must accept two input arguments for (t,y)
,
such as v = myEvents(t,y)
, or three input arguments for
(t,y,yp)
, such as v = myEvents(t,y,yp)
. If the
Parameters
property of the ode
object includes
parameters to pass to the event function, then the event function also can accept three
or four input arguments to receive the parameter values, v =
myEvents(t,y,p)
or v = myEvents(t,y,yp,p)
.
For example, this event function detects events whenever one of the two solution components of an ODE crosses zero.
function v = myEvents(t,y) v(1) = y(1); v(2) = y(2); end
Use the Direction
property to specify the type of zero
crossings to detect. Use the Response
property to define how the
solver should respond when an event is triggered.
Example:
E.EventFcn = @(t,y) y(1)
defines an event function that triggers an
event whenever the first component of the solution y(1)
crosses
zero.
Example:
E.EventFcn = @myEvents
specifies a handle to a function containing
the events to detect.
Data Types: function_handle
Direction
— Direction of zero crossings to detect
"both"
(default) | "ascending"
| "descending"
| vector
Direction of zero crossings to detect, specified as a scalar or vector of the values
in the table. If you specify a vector of values, then the length of the vector must
equal the number of elements in the output from EventFcn
.
Value | Description | Example Events |
---|---|---|
"both" | All zero crossings of the event function are detected. |
|
"ascending" | Zero crossings where the event function has a positive slope (integrating forwards in time) are detected. |
|
"descending" | Zero crossings where the event function has a negative slope (integrating forwards in time) are detected. |
|
Example:
E.Direction = "both"
detects all zero crossings of the event
function.
Example: Integrating forwards in time, E.Direction = "ascending"
detects only zero crossings where the event function is increasing.
Example:
E.Direction = ["both" "ascending" "descending"]
specifies different
zero-crossing directions to detect for each of three outputs from
EventFcn
.
Response
— Solver response to triggered events
"proceed"
(default) | "stop"
| "callback"
| vector
Solver response to triggered events, specified as a scalar or vector of the values
in the table. If you specify a vector of values, then the length of the vector must
equal the number of elements in the output from EventFcn
.
Value | Description |
---|---|
"proceed" | The solver logs the event and continues integrating. |
"stop" | The solver logs the event and stops the integration. |
"callback" | The solver invokes a callback function before logging the event. The
function can return up to three outputs to indicate whether to continue or stop
the integration, a new value for ye (the solution at the time
of the event), or new Parameters to use when restarting the
integration from time te (the time of the event). Define the
callback function using the CallbackFcn property. |
Example:
E.Response = "stop"
stops the integration if an event is
detected.
Example: E.Response = ["proceed" "stop" "callback"]
specifies
different responses to triggered events for each of three outputs from
EventFcn
.
CallbackFcn
— Callback function
function handle
Callback function, specified as a function handle. The ODE solver invokes
CallbackFcn
whenever an event triggers for which the value of
Response
is "callback"
.
The callback function can accept up to four inputs and return up to three outputs, but it does not need to accept all of the inputs or supply all of the outputs.
[stop,ye,Parameters] = eventCallback(te,ye,ie,Parameters)
When an event triggers for which the value of Response
is
"callback"
, the solver invokes the callback function and supplies
information about the current state of the integration as inputs to the callback
function:
te
is the scalar time when the event triggered.ye
is the solution vector at the time of the event.ie
is the index of the event that triggered, and can be a vector if multiple events trigger at the same time.The
Parameters
input is the current value ofParameters
supplied toODEFcn
(or any other function that accepts the parameters). Unless it is the first callback event, then the current value ofParameters
might not be the same as theParameters
property of theode
object. The difference arises because the callback function can change the value ofParameters
as events trigger during the integration process.
The callback function can return up to three outputs:
stop
must be a logical value.If
stop
istrue
, then the integration stops at timete
.If
stop
isfalse
, then the integration restarts from timete
and proceeds. UseF.SolverOptions.InitialStep
to control the size of the initial step when the integration restarts.
ye
is the new value of the solution vector at timete
. Use this output to modify the value ofye
supplied to the callback function as an input. This output is useful for modeling discontinuities at unknown points. This change is local to the currently running integration and does not affect the storedInitialTime
andInitialValue
properties of theode
object.Parameters
is the new value ofParameters
supplied toODEFcn
(or any other function that accepts the parameters). Use this output to modify the value ofParameters
supplied to the callback function as an input. Ifstop
isfalse
and the integration restarts from timete
, then the new value ofParameters
is supplied to all functions that accept it. This change is local to the currently running integration and does not affect theParameters
property of theode
object.
Example:
E.CallbackFcn = @eventCallback
specifies a handle to a function named
eventCallback
as the callback function.
Data Types: function_handle
Examples
Use Callback Function to Restart Integration of Bouncing Ball
Consider a ball thrown upward with an initial velocity . The ball is subject to acceleration due to gravity aimed downward, so its acceleration is
Rewriting the equation as a first-order system of equations with the substitutions and yields
Solve the equations for the position and velocity of the ball over time.
Define Equations and Initial Conditions
Create a function handle for the first-order system of equations that accepts two inputs for (t,y)
. Use the value for the acceleration due to gravity.
dydt = @(t,y) [y(2); -9.8];
Next, create a vector with the initial conditions. The ball starts at position at as it is thrown upward with initial velocity .
y0 = [3 20];
Model Ball Bounces as Events
The ball initially travels upward until the force due to gravity causes it to change direction and head back down to the ground. If you solve the equations without more consideration, then the ball falls back downward forever without striking the ground. Instead, you can use an event function to detect when the position of the ball goes to zero where the ground is located. Because the solution component is the position of the ball, the event function tracks the value of so that an event triggers whenever .
Create a function handle for the event function that accepts two inputs for (t,y)
.
bounceEvent = @(t,y) y(1);
When the ball strikes the ground, its direction changes again as it heads back upwards with a new (smaller) initial velocity. To model this situation, use a callback function along with the event function. When an event triggers, the ODE solver invokes the callback function. The callback function resets the position and initial velocity of the ball so that the integration can restart with the correct initial conditions. When an event occurs, the callback function sets the position and attenuates the velocity by a factor of while reversing its direction back upward. Define a callback function that performs these actions.
function [stop,y] = bounceResponse(t,y) stop = false; y(1) = 0; y(2) = -0.9*y(2); end
(The callback function is included as a local function at the end of the example.)
Create an odeEvent
object to represent the bouncing ball events. Specify Direction="descending"
so that only events where the position is decreasing are detected. Also, specify Response="callback"
so that the solver invokes the callback function when an event occurs.
E = odeEvent(EventFcn=bounceEvent, ... Direction="descending", ... Response="callback", ... CallbackFcn=@bounceResponse)
E = odeEvent with properties: EventFcn: @(t,y)y(1) Direction: descending Response: callback CallbackFcn: @bounceResponse
Solve Equations
Create an ode
object for the problem, specifying the equations dydt
, initial conditions y0
, and events E
as property values.
F = ode(ODEFcn=dydt,InitialValue=y0,EventDefinition=E);
Integrate the equations over the time interval [0 30]
by using the solve
method. Specify Refine=8
to generate 8 points per step. The resulting object has properties for the time and solution, and because events are being tracked, the object also displays properties related to the events that triggered during the integration.
S = solve(F,0,30,Refine=8)
S = ODEResults with properties: Time: [0 0.0038 0.0075 0.0113 0.0151 0.0188 0.0226 0.0264 0.0301 0.0490 0.0678 0.0867 0.1055 0.1243 0.1432 0.1620 0.1809 0.2751 0.3692 0.4634 0.5576 0.6518 0.7460 0.8402 0.9344 1.3094 1.6844 2.0594 2.4344 2.8094 3.1844 ... ] (1x468 double) Solution: [2x468 double] EventTime: [4.2265 8.1607 11.7015 14.8882 17.7563 20.3375 22.6606 24.7514 26.6331 28.3267 29.8509] EventSolution: [2x11 double] EventIndex: [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]
Plot Results
Plot the position of the ball over time, marking the initial position with a green circle and events with red circles.
plot(S.Time,S.Solution(1,:),"--") hold on plot(S.EventTime,S.EventSolution(1,:),"ro") plot(0,y0(1),"go") hold off ylim([0 25]) xlabel("Time") ylabel("Position y_1")
Local Functions
function [stop,y] = bounceResponse(t,y) stop = false; y(1) = 0; y(2) = -0.9*y(2); end
Version History
Introduced in R2023bR2024b: Specify event for implicit ODEs
The EventFcn
property can accept functions of the form v =
myEvents(t,y,yp)
for implicit ODEs. Specify the ode
object
property EquationType
as "fullyimplicit"
to use the
three-argument form for EventFcn
.
See Also
ode
| odeMassMatrix
| odeJacobian
| ODEResults
| odeset
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