RayTracing

Ray tracing propagation model

Description

Ray tracing models compute propagation paths using 3-D environment geometry [1][2] . Represent a ray tracing model by using a RayTracing object.

Ray tracing models:

• Are valid from 100 MHz to 100 GHz.

• Compute multiple propagation paths. Other propagation models compute only single propagation paths.

• Support 3-D outdoor and indoor environments.

• Determine the path loss and phase shift of each ray using electromagnetic analysis, including tracing the horizontal and vertical polarizations of a signal through the propagation path. The path loss includes free-space loss and reflection losses. For each reflection, the model calculates losses on the horizontal and vertical polarizations by using the Fresnel equation, the incident angle, and the relative permittivity and conductivity of the surface material [3][4] at the specified frequency.

You can create ray tracing models that use either the shooting and bouncing rays (SBR) method or the image method.

Creation

Create a RayTracing object by using the propagationModel function.

Properties

Ray Tracing

Method — Ray tracing method

"sbr" (default) | "image"

Ray tracing method, specified as one of these values:

• "sbr" — Use the shooting and bouncing rays (SBR) method, which supports up to 10 path reflections. SBR calculates approximate propagation paths. The SBR method is generally faster than the image method. The model calculates path loss from free-space loss plus reflection losses due to material and antenna polarizations.

• "image" — Use the image method, which supports up to 2 path reflections and calculates exact propagation paths. The model calculates path loss from free-space loss plus reflection losses due to material and antenna polarizations.

Specify the maximum number of path reflections by using the MaxNumReflections property.

For more information about differences between the image and SBR methods, see Choose a Propagation Model.

Data Types: char | string

AngularSeparation — Angular separation of launched rays

"medium" (default) | "high" | "low"

Angular separation of launched rays, specified as one of these values:

• "high" — Rays have an angular separation in the range [0.9912, 1.1845], measured in degrees, so that the model launches 40,962 rays.

• "medium" — Rays have an angular separation in the range [0.4956, 0.5923], measured in degrees, so that the model launches 163,842 rays.

• "low" — Rays have an angular separation in the range [0.2478, 0.2961], measured in degrees, so that the model launches 655,362 rays.

Because the model launches more rays, ray tracing analysis with low angular separation can require more time than ray tracing analysis with high angular separation.

Tips

When creating coverage maps using the coverage function, you can improve the results by choosing a lower angular separation.

Dependencies

To enable the angular separation of launched rays, you must specify the Method property as "sbr".

Data Types: char | string

MaxNumReflections — Maximum number of path reflections

2 (default) | integer in the range [0,10]

Maximum number of path reflections to search for using ray tracing, specified as an integer. Supported values depend on the value of the Method property.

• When Method is "image", supported values are 0, 1, and 2.

• When Method is "sbr", supported values are in the range [0, 10].

Data Types: double

CoordinateSystem — Coordinate system of map and site location

"geographic" (default) | "cartesian"

Coordinate system of the site location, specified as "geographic" or "cartesian". If you specify "geographic", define material types by using the BuildingsMaterial and TerrainMaterial properties. If you specify "cartesian", define material types by using the SurfaceMaterial property.

Data Types: string | char

Buildings Material

BuildingsMaterial — Surface material of geographic buildings

"concrete" (default) | "perfect-reflector" | "brick" | "wood" | "glass" | "metal" | "custom"

Surface material of geographic buildings, specified as one of these values: "perfect-reflector", "concrete", "brick", "wood", "glass", "metal", or "custom". The model uses the material type to calculate reflection loss where propagation paths reflect off of building surfaces. For more information, see ITU Permittivity and Conductivity Values for Common Materials.

When BuildingsMaterial is "custom", specify the material permittivity and conductivity by using the BuildingsMaterialPermittivity and BuildingsMaterialConductivity properties.

Dependencies

To enable BuildingsMaterial, you must set CoordinateSystem to "geographic".

Data Types: char | string

BuildingsMaterialPermittivity — Relative permittivity of surface materials of buildings

5.31 (default) | nonnegative scalar

Relative permittivity of the surface materials of the buildings, specified as a nonnegative scalar. Relative permittivity is expressed as a ratio of absolute material permittivity to the permittivity of vacuum. The model uses this value to calculate path loss due to reflection. The default value corresponds to concrete at 1.9 GHz.

Dependencies

To enable BuildingsMaterialPermittivity, you must set CoordinateSystem to "geographic" and BuildingsMaterial to "custom".

Data Types: double

BuildingsMaterialConductivity — Conductivity of surface materials of buildings

0.0548 (default) | nonnegative scalar

Conductivity of the surface materials of the buildings, specified as a nonnegative scalar in siemens per meter (S/m). The model uses this value to calculate path loss due to reflection. The default value corresponds to concrete at 1.9 GHz.

Dependencies

To enable BuildingsMaterialConductivity, you must set CoordinateSystem to "geographic" and BuildingsMaterial to "custom".

Data Types: double

Terrain Material

TerrainMaterial — Surface material of geographic terrain

"concrete" (default) | "perfect-reflector" | "brick" | "water" | "vegetation" | "loam" | "custom"

Surface material of the geographic terrain, specified as one of these values: "perfect-reflector", "concrete", "brick", "water", "vegetation", "loam", or "custom". The model uses the material type to calculate reflection loss where propagation paths reflect off of terrain surfaces. For more information, see ITU Permittivity and Conductivity Values for Common Materials.

When TerrainMaterial is "custom", specify the material permittivity and conductivity by using the TerrainMaterialPermittivity and TerrainMaterialConductivity properties.

Dependencies

To enable TerrainMaterial, you must set CoordinateSystem to "geographic".

Data Types: char | string

TerrainMaterialPermittivity — Relative permittivity of terrain materials

5.31 (default) | nonnegative scalar

Relative permittivity of the terrain material, specified as a nonnegative scalar. Relative permittivity is expressed as a ratio of absolute material permittivity to the permittivity of vacuum. The model uses this value to calculate path loss due to reflection. The default value corresponds to concrete at 1.9 GHz.

Dependencies

To enable TerrainMaterialPermittivity, you must set CoordinateSystem to "geographic" and TerrainMaterial to "custom".

Data Types: double

TerrainMaterialConductivity — Conductivity of terrain materials

0.0548 (default) | nonnegative scalar

Conductivity of the terrain material, specified as a nonnegative scalar in siemens per meter (S/m). The model uses this value to calculate path loss due to reflection. The default value corresponds to concrete at 1.9 GHz.

Dependencies

To enable TerrainMaterialConductivity, you must set CoordinateSystem to "geographic" and set TerrainMaterial to "custom".

Data Types: double

Surface Material

SurfaceMaterial — Surface material of Cartesian map surface

"plasterboard" (default) | "perfect-reflector" | "ceilingboard" | "chipboard" | "floorboard" | "concrete" | "brick" | "wood" | "glass" | "metal" | "water" | "vegetation" | "loam" | "custom"

Surface material of Cartesian map surface, specified as one of these values: "plasterboard","perfect-reflector", "ceilingboard", "chipboard", "floorboard", "concrete", "brick", "wood", "glass", "metal", "water", "vegetation", "loam", or "custom". The model uses the material type to calculate reflection loss where propagation paths reflect off of surfaces. For more information, see ITU Permittivity and Conductivity Values for Common Materials.

When SurfaceMaterial is "custom", specify the material permittivity and conductivity by using the SurfaceMaterialPermittivity and SurfaceMaterialConductivity properties.

Dependencies

To enable SurfaceMaterial, you must set CoordinateSystem to "cartesian".

Data Types: char | string

SurfaceMaterialPermittivity — Relative permittivity of surface materials

2.94 (default) | nonnegative scalar

Relative permittivity of the surface material, specified as a nonnegative scalar. Relative permittivity is expressed as a ratio of absolute material permittivity to the permittivity of vacuum. The model uses this value to calculate path loss due to reflection. The default value corresponds to plaster board at 1.9 GHz.

Dependencies

To enable SurfaceMaterialPermittivity, you must set CoordinateSystem to "cartesian" and SurfaceMaterial to "custom".

Data Types: double

SurfaceMaterialConductivity — Conductivity of surface materials

0.0183 (default) | nonnegative scalar

Conductivity of the surface material, specified as a nonnegative scalar in siemens per meter (S/m). The model uses this value to calculate path loss due to reflection. The default value corresponds to plaster board at 1.9 GHz.

Dependencies

To enable SurfaceMaterialConductivity, you must set CoordinateSystem to "cartesian" and set SurfaceMaterial to "custom".

Data Types: double

Object Functions

pathloss	Path loss of radio wave propagation
add	Add propagation models

Examples

Model Propagation Paths Using SBR and Image Methods

Show reflected propagation paths in Chicago by using the SBR and image methods.

Create a Site Viewer with buildings in Chicago. For more information about the osm file, see [1].

viewer = siteviewer("Buildings","chicago.osm");

Create a transmitter site on a building and a receiver site near another building.

tx = txsite("Latitude",41.8800, ...
    "Longitude",-87.6295, ...
    "TransmitterFrequency",2.5e9);
show(tx)
rx = rxsite("Latitude",41.8813452, ...
    "Longitude",-87.629771, ...
    "AntennaHeight",30);
show(rx)

Create a ray tracing model. Use the image method and calculate paths with up to one reflection. Then, display the propagation paths.

pm = propagationModel("raytracing","Method","image", ...
    "MaxNumReflections",1);
raytrace(tx,rx,pm)

For this ray tracing model, there is one propagation path from the transmitter to the receiver.

Update the ray tracing model to use the SBR method and to calculate paths with up to two reflections. Display the propagation paths.

pm.Method = "sbr";
pm.MaxNumReflections = 2;
clearMap(viewer)
raytrace(tx,rx,pm)

The updated ray tracing model shows three propagation paths from the transmitter to the receiver.

Appendix

[1] The osm file is downloaded from https://www.openstreetmap.org, which provides access to crowd-sourced map data all over the world. The data is licensed under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL), https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/.

Model Coverage Using Ray Tracing

Create a Site Viewer with buildings in Chicago. For more information about the .osm file, see [1].

viewer = siteviewer("Buildings","chicago.osm");

Create a transmitter site on a building and a receiver site near another building.

tx = txsite("Latitude",41.8800, ...
    "Longitude",-87.6295, ...
    "TransmitterFrequency",2.5e9);
show(tx)

Create a ray tracing model. By default, ray tracing models use the SBR method. Set the maximum number of reflections to 2. Then, display the coverage map.

pm = propagationModel("raytracing","Method","sbr", ...
    "MaxNumReflections",2);
coverage(tx,pm,"SignalStrengths",-100:5)

Appendix

[1] The .osm file is downloaded from https://www.openstreetmap.org, which provides access to crowd-sourced map data all over the world. The data is licensed under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL), https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/.

More About

Shooting and Bouncing Rays Method

The shooting and bouncing rays (SBR) method supports calculation of approximate propagation paths for up to 10 path reflections. The locations of receiver sites calculated by the SBR method are not exact. The accuracy of the calculated propagation paths decreases as the length of the paths increases.

Computational complexity increases linearly with the number of reflections. As a result, the SBR method is generally faster than the image method.

This figure illustrates the SBR method for calculating propagation paths from a transmitter, Tx, to a receiver, Rx.

The SBR method launches many rays from a geodesic sphere centered at Tx. The geodesic sphere enables the model to launch rays that are approximately uniformly spaced.

Then, the method traces every ray from Tx and can model different types of interactions between the rays and surrounding objects, such as reflections, diffractions, refractions, and scattering. Note that the implementation considers only reflections.

• When a ray hits a flat surface, shown as R, the ray reflects based on the law of reflection.

• When a ray hits an edge, shown as D, the ray spawns many diffracted rays based on the law of diffraction [5][6]. Each diffracted ray has the same angle with the diffracting (sharp) edge as the incident ray. The diffraction point then becomes a new launching point and the SBR method traces the diffracted rays in the same way as the rays launched from Tx. A continuum of diffracted rays forms a cone around the diffracting edge, which is commonly known as a Keller cone [6]. The current implementation of the SBR method does not consider diffractions.

For each launched ray, the method surrounds Rx with a sphere, called a reception sphere, with a radius that is proportional to the angular separation of the launched rays and the distance the ray travels. If the ray intersects the sphere, then the model considers the ray a valid path from Tx to Rx.

Image Method

The image method supports up to two path reflections and calculates exact propagation paths. Computational complexity increases exponentially with the number of reflections.

This figure illustrates the image method for calculating the propagation path of a single reflection ray for the same transmitter and receiver as the SBR method. The image method locates the image of Tx with respect to a planar reflection surface, Tx'. Then, the method connects Tx' and Rx with a line segment. If the line segment intersects the planar reflection surface, shown as R in the figure, then a valid path from Tx to Rx exists. The method determines paths with multiple reflections by recursively extending these steps.

ITU Permittivity and Conductivity Values for Common Materials

ITU-R P.2040-1 [3] and ITU-R P.527-5 [4] present methods, equations, and values used to calculate real relative permittivity, conductivity, and complex relative permittivity for common materials.

• For information about the values computed for building materials specified in ITU-R P.2040-1, see buildingMaterialPermittivity.

• For information about the values computed for terrain materials specified in ITU-R P.527-5, see earthSurfacePermittivity.

References

[1] Yun, Zhengqing, and Magdy F. Iskander. “Ray Tracing for Radio Propagation Modeling: Principles and Applications.” IEEE Access 3 (2015): 1089–1100. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2453991.

[2] Schaubach, K.R., N.J. Davis, and T.S. Rappaport. “A Ray Tracing Method for Predicting Path Loss and Delay Spread in Microcellular Environments.” In [1992 Proceedings] Vehicular Technology Society 42nd VTS Conference - Frontiers of Technology, 932–35. Denver, CO, USA: IEEE, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1109/VETEC.1992.245274.

[3] International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector. Effects of building materials and structures on radiowave propagation above about 100MHz. Recommendation P.2040-1. ITU-R, approved July 29, 2015. https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.2040-1-201507-I/en.

[4] International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector. Electrical characteristics of the surface of the Earth. Recommendation P.527-5. ITU-R, approved August 14, 2019. https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.527-5-201908-I/en.

[5] International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector. Propagation by diffraction. Recommendation P.526-15. ITU-R, approved October 21, 2019. https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.526-15-201910-I/en.

[6] Keller, Joseph B. “Geometrical Theory of Diffraction.” Journal of the Optical Society of America 52, no. 2 (February 1, 1962): 116. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.52.000116.

Version History

Introduced in R2019b

R2021b: Default modeling method is shooting and bouncing rays method

Behavior changed in R2021b

Starting in R2021b, when you create a propagation model using the syntax propagationModel('raytracing'), MATLAB^® returns a RayTracing model with the Method value set to 'sbr' and two reflections (instead of 'image' and one reflection, as in previous releases).

To create ray tracing propagation models that use the image method, use the syntax propagationModel('raytracing','Method','image').