Problem 55825. Measure the hydraulic conductivity with a constant-head permeameter

Created by ChrisR

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{"parts":[{"partUri":"/matlab/document.xml","contentType":"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml","content":"<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?><w:document xmlns:w=\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\"><w:body><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>A constant-head permeameter is a device for measuring the hydraulic conductivity </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"K\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>K</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t> of a soil sample. In this problem the sample is placed in a cylinder of length </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"L\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>L</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t> and cross-sectional area </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"A\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>A</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t>. By supplying a flow </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"Q\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>Q</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t> to a standpipe, water is maintained at a constant level so that the head difference </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"Deltah\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>\\Delta h</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t>, or the difference in water levels between the standpipe and outlet, is constant. </w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>The hydraulic conductivity can then be determined from Darcy’s law</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"true\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"Q = -K(dh/dx)A\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>Q = -K\\frac{dh}{dx}A</w:t></w:r></w:customXml></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>where the head gradient </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"dh/dx\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>dh/dx</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t> is simply </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"Deltah/L\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>\\Delta h/L</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t>. Darcy’s law applies when a Reynolds number based on the specific discharge </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"v = Q/A\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>v = Q/A</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t> and representative diameter </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"d\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>d</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t> of the soil grains is less than (approximately) 1—that is, </w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"true\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"Re = vd/nu &lt; 1\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>Re = \\frac{vd}{\\nu} &lt; 1</w:t></w:r></w:customXml></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>where </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"nu\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>\\nu</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t> is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>The Kozeny-Carman equation provides one way to relate the hydraulic conductivity to the representative grain diameter:</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"true\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"K = (gd^2/(180nu))(n^3/(1-n)^2)\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>K = \\frac{g d^2}{180 \\nu}\\frac{n^3}{(1-n)^2}</w:t></w:r></w:customXml></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>where </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"g\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>g</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t> is the acceleration of gravity and </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"n\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>n</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t> is the porosity of the soil </w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>Write a function that takes as input the flowrate, the head difference, porosity, and length and diameter of the cylinder holding the soil sample and returns the hydraulic conductivity and a flag indicating whether Darcy’s law is valid. Compute the conductivity using Darcy’s law regardless of its validity, and use </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"g = 9.81 m/s^2\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>g = 9.81\\rm\\,m/s^2</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t> and </w:t></w:r><w:customXml w:element=\"equation\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"displayStyle\" w:val=\"false\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altTextString\" w:val=\"nu = 10^{-6} m^2/s\"/></w:customXmlPr><w:r><w:t>\\nu = 10^{-6}\\rm\\,m^2/s</w:t></w:r></w:customXml><w:r><w:t>.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/><w:jc w:val=\"left\"/></w:pPr><w:customXml w:element=\"image\"><w:customXmlPr><w:attr w:name=\"height\" w:val=\"333\"/><w:attr w:name=\"width\" w:val=\"494\"/><w:attr w:name=\"verticalAlign\" w:val=\"baseline\"/><w:attr w:name=\"altText\" w:val=\"\"/><w:attr w:name=\"relationshipId\" 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","relationship":null}],"relationships":[{"relationshipType":"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document","target":"/matlab/document.xml","relationshipId":"rId1"}]}

<div style = "text-align: start; line-height: 20.4333px; min-height: 0px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace; font-style: normal; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: normal; "><div style="block-size: 838.4px; display: block; min-width: 0px; padding-block-start: 0px; padding-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 407px 419.2px; transform-origin: 407px 419.2px; vertical-align: baseline; "><div style="block-size: 84px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 42px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 42px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 256.342px 8px; transform-origin: 256.342px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">A constant-head permeameter is a device for measuring the hydraulic conductivity K<span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 113.958px 8px; transform-origin: 113.958px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; "> of a soil sample. In this problem the sample is placed in a cylinder of length L<span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 80.1333px 8px; transform-origin: 80.1333px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; "> and cross-sectional area A<span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 65.7333px 8px; transform-origin: 65.7333px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">. By supplying a flow Q<span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 75.8417px 8px; transform-origin: 75.8417px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; "> to a standpipe, water is maintained at a constant level so that the head difference <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Deltah" style="width: 21.5px; height: 18px;" width="21.5" height="18"><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 188.533px 8px; transform-origin: 188.533px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">, or the difference in water levels between the standpipe and outlet, is constant. </div><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 209.533px 8px; transform-origin: 209.533px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">The hydraulic conductivity can then be determined from Darcy’s law</div><div style="block-size: 34.8px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 17.4px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 17.4px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Q = -K(dh/dx)A" style="width: 85px; height: 35px;" width="85" height="35"></div><div style="block-size: 42px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 21px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 21px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 77.4167px 8px; transform-origin: 77.4167px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">where the head gradient <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="dh/dx" style="width: 39.5px; height: 18.5px;" width="39.5" height="18.5"><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 30.725px 8px; transform-origin: 30.725px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; "> is simply <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Deltah/L" style="width: 38.5px; height: 18.5px;" width="38.5" height="18.5"><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 214.6px 8px; transform-origin: 214.6px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">. Darcy’s law applies when a Reynolds number based on the specific discharge <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="v = Q/A" style="width: 57.5px; height: 18.5px;" width="57.5" height="18.5"><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 91.025px 8px; transform-origin: 91.025px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; "> and representative diameter d<span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 175.417px 8px; transform-origin: 175.417px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; "> of the soil grains is less than (approximately) 1—that is, </div><div style="block-size: 34.8px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 17.4px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 17.4px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Re = vd/nu < 1" style="width: 79px; height: 35px;" width="79" height="35"></div><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 21.0083px 8px; transform-origin: 21.0083px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">where ν<span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 114.733px 8px; transform-origin: 114.733px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; "> is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.</div><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 371.492px 8px; transform-origin: 371.492px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">The Kozeny-Carman equation provides one way to relate the hydraulic conductivity to the representative grain diameter:</div><div style="block-size: 37.1px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 18.55px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 18.55px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAOQAAABKCAYAAACrQfgTAAAO20lEQVR4Xu2dV6s1SRWGv/kBYrwah0EMF6OCYkZUcMAsoph1Lg4oOiqIOY0iMmMOoJgZ4btQzCiiMwZQUBEjKCJeGBAdvTIyP0DXM1+/x3XqVFVX7+69d4fVsNjn7N2hatV6q1aq1ZddiCM4EByYDQcum01LoiHBgeDAhQBkCEFwYEYcCEDOaDCiKcGBAORyZODu1tSHGF1p9B+jLxn9YznNP3hL4dfl3VN/ePCn7/jAAOSOjDvwZc+x533W6FsdKO9on/8yusbopgO3Ze6Pu7M18DNGj3MNhW8vNfrj3BsfgJz7CF248Ahr4kWjh7oV8aP290s6UN4rVsozg/hN++8XRh/ovr2+49XHOlDOesQDkPMdHlQuZnTA9/XMSvhP+46V8kmxSp4OIpPXE4yuc8PKivl3o58bPXi+w32pZQHI+YwQgnOV0RVG2IlXGz3e6IkFwLESoJYFIPvH8L92yjsSoPZfdYQzApBHYHrhka+z7x9g9Ozu9z4BEiDvYueHc6c8jtjfNxh5lX8+o560JAA5r6FB5fpB16S+lY9Z//NGCFwceQ6gXXza6I1Gi/BKByDnJcrypuJBrTlrOA/b8kFGs/ccHoHFqP+v6rSNezRqHEdo5vlHBiBnMQynjZD3FDc99mPuQNh+YvRmo8/Nq/mzbM2LrVUf71o2e/U+ADkvGZLn9PXWrPcUmgZof2X0iXk1fdatwT5/t1GfGXD0TgQgjz4Epw24n/31y+6/R9pnLruE2f7RRmE3Dhs32eYByGF8W9TZqI547u7btfrP9vkdo1aPJwB8mNHtjVBRCWEwi2M/3inDCUD41AwYuQ8Hq+ZaD/p4S8JbQMbRkhYnQIbKukIJkcPgTdY3gs1v7fr4oQ5IP+3+/4p95tRKhAP7755G7zX6ixHXcuCAyHlOS657kgdQYZ+fCOuS2Q5/X2B0NyMC+Tiu/CSFlvBOI5IiONIMHMCbTk7wiElu9ppFqKzDRBdhIf6HkKSOF9kp3BEb8EdG6ewtBwNAxmmj1dRfe61974HsVdlcaxeREjaMzbelCz7cCI3Bgw5gAVImQSYxeVC18omPjA1jADDh+QsTfg9szuFOD0AO47UHDsLgQw7+t5xq9HY7n1X1D0ZpkLp2XwQKtbZ0EF9bY+iDGOI3uk5jU5MSB8+1yikxAn6ibXCgMbym++R/clpvNmpRa4dJwp7ODkAOY+zvO6HIhSUIQSjLJgWk4os8LeewUbjDC9ewlq3vbE1g2tXCiijg0Vt5pPsymhbFmT5AKln3gZleMSt797tSv+6QnPtd+/9TRq3OjjkzkOwYjpwQSEBSsKLm/s4Im6ckPAL6qoRr5ED+zK7HNEC9Z2X0SRCshExepQlu5KOPd3kfINUyP8PzXSlly6d+wchXGi1GXWgYhhJwPH9S17pWP26fqrl854Vr9m75Bh5NcYrnCfd7rpFPgvDB/lYZnqJde79Ha2c80EppXd7hAWBfZrSGVdEPgmw9v5UH4eF/VsDUIeNXx1L2jVfNYm/jJW77CS63bUrmwepyeVsBKaEprY4ejLUsk73PMAd4AKB8g9G3jVCb2CjMJ56/dPe+n8hyfGkB7AG6NLtHeHv8/ta6NIwh8yCdAGfXkaENagWk9Hnun3PLf9m+J87zFKM1qagpP1UeAufCSffj3+yz5OX03tOcOuoFT4DVxuShY7mm8wW43OroJ7mcCbBoPrQAUjuu1VE/YylISzB8ETVLRo6WXO215G//iBogFexXLA3v62+NqAejGNrI5i7ycg+43Arow0dMjMRp2V41+6B/y2i0ANLr84qhce+PGOHmX2NgusQ7zdz8Di+wYX5tVNp14YP6SgbgWm0N4npikxxMdDcavb9yv5YxXfo5tZgsffOOtS/Y/98zWo3t3QJI7yUEfGSRSEVlVdzSFiBmZyYhrWoSfsD5cqNcBTivlup8VljS3Z5hpK1BOMu2xs/c5OHDHbkaOJoU4TlmEsn2q8njbQGkZiSYpyRomHFiNLW9yIqidKkxM/3FiScK5Yz+2+6LxoAa/5iOB77cYClsQdaJktDhoQSI+wBK6qwOSUwfw5u5X4tZwFEaQ/iP7GG3v6/7nHufmtvXB8g0HqQbM5vvY2by9kNzJzInTul9U1gDOzm3aZg2f82IsEerbTmmb3HtijnQB0gfgGVVZLXUirCPGJAqr41lOc6RqWKgUtlrQXvZ2YsoNTiWuXH9/jjQB0hv/5DWRQqcUpZoVWkj7f5afPg7t5RbVCL02mOwh+f+xp7YB0jvVdQK4Z08W1gRpCWU1FElRaCyLqLU4MZkfFHdrQEytee0g8Fnl9DZLeRfKvYFKNl4/JtulO9jn681ImvnLROqyYsSomjsdByoAdLHg2qbcUslJ3Zp5Vy9rPRF9i0bZ3WwCXlKe3UXnsU1K+JADZA+XS61jVSKUPG4qWynQ3tZ721jqdosKxrWbFc+Wehgbmvd2nkxp/6xifr0KAEyTZfLOW98Bg+r5BRFew/tZaVK+FYA+Szr6xcTSSTT5Zlzks4NtuWD1udXqN8lQPryCbUq2j5pYKmba7eyQpyZiTsBwBEVgDzuLHBGcykBstWT6u1MurWFMMhxhy+evmoOpIDEqaL6oL7jZL782EgpX5x3V6O3daqqziVGSWlDf+6qGRidCw5MyYEcIG9XeMCtCSBL53G5P3fK9sa9ggNL5AD+lkcZkYZJPvSHjbJ54H2JAUvsfLR5Wg7kqoZP+4Rl3Q3HI2U5W0tvqpYsDjX//s9sZCIAWRYGVdDmFQEtW8y0cwMBZibkYNC+33h9WuEPJwypiq0Dvw+x1szOtrA4LnGAcWYv8FcbxlU7U/ymBB+dOFfxIAB5XswEROrm5ApX5QRT72skY0fFvQRQ9jtq/2Mu4V1lQbDdVV2N76434r7sQb3uCGgIMNaZTpy+bzM5EzmvPUj3ayo6cS7LLQB5lukI4auNmLn07oi+rVwKEZVyXZULW9odowSM3HP021SJF624pk8UJh6Sm6uq4WxgX82G4QrDlBzz9Ep/S/WRtGHhXFQiAPl/jsM8HFUIk4/D9gGyBijuriSLXPKEDxvlxkLt2Nf+05y8af9na8EyAZHqexy5KnGtE8HSzttl4qKPyAyT/rnSIwHIvAj0FVryV6maeQ24OscLq0/Sr+0t1bWHql2EEwKQld7grL5LtSexgCwtHVsCJH1mtcPebzUrNEFnE2kCkOMBWStZyN191QXPb2/c18As9aaWMTXVyqK2tiR4MGkpsd7X7d0aIDWOrSUp0YqYxPzbz07HLwA5HpA+qyk360ktTX/zm79rAPDC3gKUMeCkL4818i+1abmfV723Bkj4w6T8LqPSa+jFQyY8HH8nRhGHbJGs7pwhKqt/lQCXo1pqb6Rmz5xK6nfT1IS49u5I2nmF0ZVGxLhKr2/gvFpBZ7EGwWKiGBrm2Dog4Rlqe20i00b26vtuYoUcv0JyB2KP1AeVZ5YUQqopMEil2VC2Ide3AlLAZhKgWt2LjLQFrlZgC/BTvrIW09QklL7YpmUe2zog1f+a2or24d8Wl+VrAHIaQOZAyXd+tUyf5AGZe8Grzve2ZrrStqzkUpP61FAJ1S5q8VIBCf+o+oCGQQKI3lzN988zgnctDhuNQ6l6BmD8k1Gq0uKl/WsH1NvGOwA5HSC5k7cndWdWSl6pncbmBMi+igsedCkgW4CADcrK3aeGqu21yaG0Wra0o3TtMb4nNvw0I19TVxMR/CKEg/ou7aMv9KUxysWLZZefJB3F1CDmfca5E4CcBpCyD/RiUYook6HhVdg0gOwBWatx60txpoCUHVp687JCKy0xRXlzd5GJpQFSo64+6xUZZEdRDR1b/CojNrBz9CVmlEIZXrvJSdq5++7C/GPMaId+ZosqqDYJjNiL3hZE3QFAitHp3R5Kn/Obu1ttSO+p9eGUUoyS2R6vaa4kf8rTLQJSISv4hwbDqqn4q08OafEcM8GmdnxfNYpz9ZgCkONXSK0OOaeKBytP8jaGAMD3rYD0qpOffXN2X59dMzdATlHgrMXeU7/9i5BYqXCQMXnJ8aVx1erZV3g7B8jBC0kAcjwgtdKV7IzSSubVvFopTW+XeuAqjplLGFCeJb+1rI5w4dgr5BQFzoZU0/emAHxK1XqZA60ZUgCy9dwiUAOQ4wHZkjqnwfUCk87QpaByyU6UupUKobdna7Zp2nMBfBeZmMKGnKLAWUusVf32GkqatOGLvLWEgWpOnUGr5C7MH/SAhZ48xIbUClkz/DX46cDr+1IFeL+6+hW41D6+v2iEc2loAWuBqsVeSod1CkAeUlQ84FBJvapKO7z92OJ1HhPDPdPvAOT4FVLCWHutglazVNi1SuZUJlrm7RgfR0xzR/EInhjhxude1xjdNFDCJYRDgezbyd+7AHpgU0ef7gFXClUQ+mh9m5nU39F9D0Dmx9Y7TFpc3qx0eFNzuawCT6lMpp6VbmJW9g8tTGve+rQ73wPusevr0LVq9PU3x7GlrZDeLs9l16Raj0+kz/Wf+zGOhExGHQHIs+xTGQ1mRx9DpHZm7bUBvsoAKpAKEl9tf7Oyld6urKdrXx2rG9dSs4U2kIjMK899yptXt7her1a/2f4e+wJd7EgEtNURpPYvDZACXG4F9LY9Kx4HLxEmsaKUerhrDvA58AYgzwOyNsO1CDwDqop8Q9/7gc14edeA2rP8Zupae4f+NnQrke7vV5xdUu+GtnPM+SW7PDe54NC5weikMtnJfhytrtKAAOSYoV3ntaweeG77NtyyUlPi48lGqhYAR7ClqTVzS0WIj8k5H+7Igcg7zNA+amCkH0xGLRu6m/ocgGxi06ZOQiB5RXvfu1r6whS32j3mWFunRQuRltOnEUm9bd2c3CtIAcheFm3yBBxRCBkqbBxlDuBcu9FIu0RG8yoAOZqFq70BDh72eE4mbCvjVOsumkHdDkAOYtemTlZt2NZCz1tizt5q1gYgtyRGu/WVkAYV1PuSq3e7+/KuwgZle91eNIcA5PIEIlq8Yg4EIFc8uNG15XEgALm8MYsWr5gDAcgVD250bXkcCEAub8yixSvmwP8AuFWfeH9VVoQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt="K = (gd^2/(180nu))(n^3/(1-n)^2)" style="width: 114px; height: 37px;" width="114" height="37"></div><div style="block-size: 21px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 10.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 10.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 21.0083px 8px; transform-origin: 21.0083px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">where g<span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 104.242px 8px; transform-origin: 104.242px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; "> is the acceleration of gravity and n<span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 78.95px 8px; transform-origin: 78.95px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; "> is the porosity of the soil </div><div style="block-size: 63px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 31.5px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 31.5px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 363.683px 8px; transform-origin: 363.683px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">Write a function that takes as input the flowrate, the head difference, porosity, and length and diameter of the cylinder holding the soil sample and returns the hydraulic conductivity and a flag indicating whether Darcy’s law is valid. Compute the conductivity using Darcy’s law regardless of its validity, and use <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="g = 9.81 m/s^2" style="width: 87.5px; height: 19.5px;" width="87.5" height="19.5"><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 15.5583px 8px; transform-origin: 15.5583px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; "> and <img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="nu = 10^{-6} m^2/s" style="width: 87.5px; height: 19.5px;" width="87.5" height="19.5"><span style="block-size: auto; display: inline; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-inline-end: 0px; margin-inline-start: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; perspective-origin: 1.94167px 8px; transform-origin: 1.94167px 8px; unicode-bidi: normal; ">.</div><div style="block-size: 338.7px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 21px; margin-block-end: 9px; margin-block-start: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-inline-end: 10px; margin-inline-start: 4px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 2px; perspective-origin: 384px 169.35px; text-align: left; transform-origin: 384px 169.35px; white-space: pre-wrap; margin-left: 4px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 9px; margin-right: 10px; "><img class="imageNode" style="vertical-align: baseline;width: 494px;height: 333px" 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" 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A constant-head permeameter is a device for measuring the hydraulic conductivity  of a soil sample. In this problem the sample is placed in a cylinder of length  and cross-sectional area . By supplying a flow  to a standpipe, water is maintained at a constant level so that the head difference , or the difference in water levels between the standpipe and outlet, is constant. 
The hydraulic conductivity can then be determined from Darcy’s law

where the head gradient  is simply . Darcy’s law applies when a Reynolds number based on the specific discharge  and representative diameter  of the soil grains is less than (approximately) 1—that is,

where  is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
The Kozeny-Carman equation provides one way to relate the hydraulic conductivity to the representative grain diameter:

where  is the acceleration of gravity and  is the porosity of the soil 
Write a function that takes as input the flowrate, the head difference, porosity, and length and diameter of the cylinder holding the soil sample and returns the hydraulic conductivity and a flag indicating whether Darcy’s law is valid. Compute the conductivity using Darcy’s law regardless of its validity, and use  and .

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Problem 55825. Measure the hydraulic conductivity with a constant-head permeameter

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Problem 55825. Measure the hydraulic conductivity with a constant-head permeameter

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