Problem 44435. Testing for randomness: uniform distribution of real numbers (distribution checking)

Created by David Verrelli

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{"relationships":[{"relationshipType":"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/document","targetMode":"","relationshipId":"rId1","target":"/matlab/document.xml"},{"relationshipType":"http://schemas.mathworks.com/matlab/code/2013/relationships/output","targetMode":"","relationshipId":"rId2","target":"/matlab/output.xml"}],"parts":[{"partUri":"/matlab/document.xml","relationship":[],"contentType":"application/vnd.mathworks.matlab.code.document+xml","content":"<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<w:document xmlns:w=\"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main\"><w:body><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>You will be presented with a variety of sequences of real numbers. Your job is to answer the question: \"Is this a uniformly distributed sequence of random numbers?\"</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:rPr><w:b/></w:rPr><w:t>Only the distribution needs to be examined in this problem.</w:t></w:r><w:r><w:t> (You do not need to check for autocorrelation.)</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"code\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t><![CDATA[ Input: x, a row vector of real numbers. \n Output: y, a Boolean scalar.]]></w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>Some sequences have been generated by MATLAB's (pseudo)random number generator, such as:</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"code\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t><![CDATA[x = 0.062 0.945 0.006 0.301 0.638 0.920 0.043 0.533 0.539 0.292 0.218 0.465 0.826 0.172 0.686 0.040 0.489 0.3950 0.761 0.038]]></w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>On average these will have a uniform distribution. Thus, by splitting up the sequence into 'bins' we find for the example above there are twelve numbers falling into the 0.0-to-0.5 bin, and a further eight numbers falling into the 0.5-to-1.0 bin. For this length of sequence (a total of twenty numbers), that would be a sufficiently even division to</w:t></w:r><w:r><w:t> </w:t></w:r><w:r><w:rPr><w:b/></w:rPr><w:t>retain</w:t></w:r><w:r><w:t> the hypothesis that the underlying distribution from which the numbers were sampled was indeed a random, uniform distribution function (UDF). However, please note that it may be necessary to divide the data into more than just two bins.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>Other sequences will have been constructed so as to weight unevenly. For example:</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"code\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t><![CDATA[x = 7.004 1.002 1.984 3.868 2.048 1.014 1.066 1.337 1.074 60.266 1.008 1.783 2.196 1.065 1.0613 1.049 1.236 1.235 1.394 1.107]]></w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>has fifteen numbers in the 1.0-to-2.0 bin, but then there are some weird 'outliers' in the remaining five numbers, which reach up to more than 60. It does</w:t></w:r><w:r><w:t> </w:t></w:r><w:r><w:rPr><w:b/></w:rPr><w:t>not</w:t></w:r><w:r><w:t> seem likely that this would have been generated from a UDF.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:rPr><w:rFonts w:cs=\"monospace\"/></w:rPr><w:t>Note: the sequences in the examples above were for illustrative purposes; most sequences in the Test Suite are considerably longer.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"text\"/></w:pPr><w:r><w:t>See also:</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p><w:pPr><w:pStyle w:val=\"ListParagraph\"/><w:numPr><w:numId w:val=\"1\"/></w:numPr></w:pPr><w:hyperlink w:docLocation=\"https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/cody/problems/44393\"><w:r><w:t>Problem 44393: \"Testing for randomness: uniform distribution of integers\"</w:t></w:r></w:hyperlink><w:r><w:t> (harder)</w:t></w:r></w:p></w:body></w:document>"},{"partUri":"/matlab/output.xml","contentType":"text/xml","content":"<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\" ?><embeddedOutputs><metaData><evaluationState>manual</evaluationState><layoutState>code</layoutState><outputStatus>ready</outputStatus></metaData><outputArray type=\"array\"/><regionArray type=\"array\"/></embeddedOutputs>"}]}

You will be presented with a variety of sequences of real numbers. Your job is to answer the question: "Is this a uniformly distributed sequence of random numbers?"Only the distribution needs to be examined in this problem. (You do not need to check for autocorrelation.)<pre> Input: x, a row vector of real numbers. 
 Output: y, a Boolean scalar. </pre>Some sequences have been generated by MATLAB's (pseudo)random number generator, such as:<pre class="language-matlab">x = 0.062 0.945 0.006 0.301 0.638 0.920 0.043 0.533 0.539 0.292 0.218 0.465 0.826 0.172 0.686 0.040 0.489 0.3950 0.761 0.038
</pre>On average these will have a uniform distribution. Thus, by splitting up the sequence into 'bins' we find for the example above there are twelve numbers falling into the 0.0-to-0.5 bin, and a further eight numbers falling into the 0.5-to-1.0 bin. For this length of sequence (a total of twenty numbers), that would be a sufficiently even division to retain the hypothesis that the underlying distribution from which the numbers were sampled was indeed a random, uniform distribution function (UDF). 
However, please note that it may be necessary to divide the data into more than just two bins.Other sequences will have been constructed so as to weight unevenly. For example:<pre class="language-matlab">x = 7.004 1.002 1.984 3.868 2.048 1.014 1.066 1.337 1.074 60.266 1.008 1.783 2.196 1.065 1.0613 1.049 1.236 1.235 1.394 1.107
</pre>has fifteen numbers in the 1.0-to-2.0 bin, but then there are some weird 'outliers' in the remaining five numbers, which reach up to more than 60. It does not seem likely that this would have been generated from a UDF.<tt>Note: the sequences in the examples above were for illustrative purposes; most sequences in the Test Suite are considerably longer.</tt>See also:<ul><li><a href = "https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/cody/problems/44393">Problem 44393: "Testing for randomness: uniform distribution of integers"</a> (harder)</li></ul>

You will be presented with a variety of sequences of real numbers.  Your job is to answer the question:  "Is this a uniformly distributed sequence of random numbers?"

*Only the distribution needs to be examined in this problem.*  (You do not need to check for autocorrelation.)

Input:   x, a row vector of real numbers.  
 Output:  y, a Boolean scalar.

Some sequences have been generated by MATLAB's (pseudo)random number generator, such as:

x = 0.062    0.945    0.006    0.301    0.638    0.920    0.043    0.533    0.539    0.292    0.218    0.465    0.826    0.172    0.686    0.040    0.489    0.3950    0.761    0.038

On average these will have a uniform distribution.  Thus, by splitting up the sequence into 'bins' we find for the example above there are twelve numbers falling into the 0.0-to-0.5 bin, and a further eight numbers falling into the 0.5-to-1.0 bin.  For this length of sequence (a total of twenty numbers), that would be a sufficiently even division to *retain* the hypothesis that the underlying distribution from which the numbers were sampled was indeed a random, uniform distribution function (UDF).  
However, please note that it may be necessary to divide the data into more than just two bins.

Other sequences will have been constructed so as to weight unevenly.  For example:

x = 7.004    1.002    1.984    3.868    2.048    1.014    1.066    1.337    1.074   60.266    1.008    1.783    2.196    1.065    1.0613    1.049    1.236    1.235    1.394    1.107

has fifteen numbers in the 1.0-to-2.0 bin, but then there are some weird 'outliers' in the remaining five numbers, which reach up to more than 60.  It does *not* seem likely that this would have been generated from a UDF.

|Note: the sequences in the examples above were for illustrative purposes; most sequences in the Test Suite are considerably longer.|

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Last Solution submitted on Mar 30, 2022

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Richard Finlan on 22 Sep 2019

The Gaussian distribution is considered a normal distribution of random numbers, so why is it being tested as false in the final test? Logically it should return as true shouldn't it ? My code works on all but the final test which seems reversed to me unless you know something I don't ?

David Verrelli on 18 Jul 2021

Richard, please check the problem description. The task is to identify sets of uniformly distributed random numbers.
The so-called "normal distribution" (another name for which is the "Gaussian distribution") is not uniformly distributed.
This link may help illustrate the difference between those two types of distribution: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/657254/normally-distributed-random-numbers-vs-uniformly-distributed-random-number
—DIV

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Problem 44435. Testing for randomness: uniform distribution of real numbers (distribution checking)

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