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# uv2phithetapat

Convert radiation pattern from u/v form to phi/theta form

## Syntax

pat_phitheta = uv2phithetapat(pat_uv,u,v)
pat_phitheta = uv2phithetapat(pat_uv,u,v,phi,theta)
[pat_phitheta,phi_pat,theta_pat] = uv2phithetapat(___)

## Description

example

pat_phitheta = uv2phithetapat(pat_uv,u,v) expresses the antenna radiation pattern pat_phitheta in φ/θ angle coordinates instead of u/v space coordinates. pat_uv samples the pattern at u angles in u and v angles in v. The pat_phitheta matrix uses a default grid that covers φ values from 0 to 360 degrees and θ values from 0 to 90 degrees. In this grid, pat_phitheta is uniformly sampled with a step size of 1 for φ and θ. The function interpolates to estimate the response of the antenna at a given direction.

example

pat_phitheta = uv2phithetapat(pat_uv,u,v,phi,theta) uses vectors phi and theta to specify the grid at which to sample pat_phitheta. To avoid interpolation errors, phi should cover the range [0, 360], and theta should cover the range [0, 90].

example

[pat_phitheta,phi_pat,theta_pat] = uv2phithetapat(___) returns vectors containing the φ and θ angles at which pat_phitheta samples the pattern, using any of the input arguments in the previous syntaxes.

## Examples

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Convert a radiation pattern to φ-θ space with the angles spaced 1° apart.

Define the pattern in terms of u and v. Because u and v values outside the unit circle are not physical, set the pattern values in this region to zero.

u = -1:0.01:1;
v = -1:0.01:1;
[u_grid,v_grid] = meshgrid(u,v);
pat_uv = sqrt(1 - u_grid.^2 - v_grid.^2);
pat_uv(hypot(u_grid,v_grid) >= 1) = 0;

Convert the pattern to φ-θ space.

[pat_phitheta,phi,theta] = uv2phithetapat(pat_uv,u,v);

Convert a radiation pattern to space with the angles spaced one degree apart.

Define the pattern in terms of and . For values outside the unit circle, and are undefined, and the pattern value is 0.

u = -1:0.01:1;
v = -1:0.01:1;
[u_grid,v_grid] = meshgrid(u,v);
pat_uv = sqrt(1 - u_grid.^2 - v_grid.^2);
pat_uv(hypot(u_grid,v_grid) >= 1) = 0;

Convert the pattern to space. Store the and angles for use in plotting.

[pat_phitheta,phi,theta] = uv2phithetapat(pat_uv,u,v);

Plot the result.

H = surf(phi,theta,pat_phitheta);
H.LineStyle = 'none';
xlabel('Phi (degrees)');
ylabel('Theta (degrees)');
zlabel('Pattern');

Convert a radiation pattern to space with the angles spaced five degrees apart.

Define the pattern in terms of and . For values outside the unit circle, and are undefined, and the pattern value is 0.

u = -1:0.01:1;
v = -1:0.01:1;
[u_grid,v_grid] = meshgrid(u,v);
pat_uv = sqrt(1 - u_grid.^2 - v_grid.^2);
pat_uv(hypot(u_grid,v_grid) >= 1) = 0;

Define the set of and angles at which to sample the pattern. Then, convert the pattern.

phi = 0:5:360;
theta = 0:5:90;
pat_phitheta = uv2phithetapat(pat_uv,u,v,phi,theta);

Plot the result.

H = surf(phi,theta,pat_phitheta);
H.LineStyle = 'none';
xlabel('Phi (degrees)');
ylabel('Theta (degrees)');
zlabel('Pattern');

## Input Arguments

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Antenna radiation pattern in u/v form, specified as a Q-by-P matrix. pat_uv samples the 3-D magnitude pattern in decibels, in terms of u and v coordinates. P is the length of the u vector, and Q is the length of the v vector.

Data Types: double

u coordinates at which pat_uv samples the pattern, specified as a vector of length P. Each coordinate is between –1 and 1.

Data Types: double

v coordinates at which pat_uv samples the pattern, specified as a vector of length Q. Each coordinate is between –1 and 1.

Data Types: double

Phi angles at which pat_phitheta samples the pattern, specified as a vector of length L. Each φ angle is in degrees, between 0 and 360.

Data Types: double

Theta angles at which pat_phitheta samples the pattern, specified as a vector of length M. Each θ angle is in degrees, between 0 and 90. Such θ angles are in the hemisphere for which u and v are defined.

Data Types: double

## Output Arguments

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Antenna radiation pattern in phi/theta form, returned as an M-by-L matrix. pat_phitheta samples the 3-D magnitude pattern in decibels, in terms of φ and θ angles. L is the length of the phi_pat vector, and M is the length of the theta vector.

Phi angles at which pat_phitheta samples the pattern, returned as a vector of length L. Angles are expressed in degrees.

Theta angles at which pat_phitheta samples the pattern, returned as a vector of length M. Angles are expressed in degrees.

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### U/V Space

The u and v coordinates are the direction cosines of a vector with respect to the y-axis and z-axis, respectively.

The u/v coordinates for the hemisphere x ≥ 0 are derived from the phi and theta angles, as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}u=\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\varphi \\ v=\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\varphi \end{array}$

In these expressions, φ and θ are the phi and theta angles, respectively.

In terms of azimuth and elevation, the u and v coordinates are

$\begin{array}{l}u=\mathrm{cos}el\mathrm{sin}az\\ v=\mathrm{sin}el\end{array}$

The values of u and v satisfy the inequalities

$\begin{array}{l}-1\le u\le 1\\ -1\le v\le 1\\ {u}^{2}+{v}^{2}\le 1\end{array}$

Conversely, the phi and theta angles can be written in terms of u and v using

$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{tan}\varphi =u/v\\ \mathrm{sin}\theta =\sqrt{{u}^{2}+{v}^{2}}\end{array}$

The azimuth and elevation angles can also be written in terms of u and v

$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{sin}el=v\\ \mathrm{tan}az=\frac{u}{\sqrt{1-{u}^{2}-{v}^{2}}}\end{array}$

### Phi Angle, Theta Angle

The φ angle is the angle from the positive y-axis toward the positive z-axis, to the vector’s orthogonal projection onto the yz plane. The φ angle is between 0 and 360 degrees. The θ angle is the angle from the x-axis toward the yz plane, to the vector itself. The θ angle is between 0 and 180 degrees.

The figure illustrates φ and θ for a vector that appears as a green solid line. The coordinate system is relative to the center of a uniform linear array, whose elements appear as blue circles.

The coordinate transformations between φ/θ and az/el are described by the following equations

$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{sin}\left(\text{el}\right)=\mathrm{sin}\varphi \mathrm{sin}\theta \hfill \\ \mathrm{tan}\left(\text{az}\right)=\mathrm{cos}\varphi \mathrm{tan}\theta \hfill \\ \hfill \\ \mathrm{cos}\theta =\mathrm{cos}\left(\text{el}\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(\text{az}\right)\hfill \\ \mathrm{tan}\varphi =\mathrm{tan}\left(\text{el}\right)/\mathrm{sin}\left(\text{az}\right)\hfill \end{array}$