Three-Phase Transformer Inductance Matrix Type (Two Windings)

Implement three-phase two-winding transformer with configurable winding connections and core geometry

Library

Simscape / Electrical / Specialized Power Systems / Power Grid Elements

• 

Description

The Three-Phase Transformer Inductance Matrix Type (Two Windings) block is a three-phase transformer with a three-limb core and two windings per phase. Unlike the Three-Phase Transformer (Two Windings) block, which is modeled by three separate single-phase transformers, this block takes into account the couplings between windings of different phases. The transformer core and windings are shown in the following illustration.

The phase windings of the transformer are numbered as follows:

• 1 and 4 on phase A

• 2 and 5 on phase B

• 3 and 6 on phase C

This core geometry implies that phase winding 1 is coupled to all other phase windings (2 to 6), whereas in Three-Phase Transformer (Two Windings) block (a three-phase transformer using three independent cores) winding 1 is coupled only with winding 4.

Note

The phase winding numbers 1 and 2 should not be confused with the numbers used to identify the three-phase windings of the transformer. Three-phase winding 1 consists of phase windings 1,2,3, and three-phase winding 2 consists of phase windings 4,5,6.

Transformer Model

The Three-Phase Transformer Inductance Matrix Type (Two Windings) block implements the following matrix relationship:

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}{V}_1\\ V_2\\ ⋮\\ V_6\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{R}_1& 0& \dots & 0\\ 0& R_2& \dots & 0\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ 0& 0& \dots & R_6\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_1\\ I_2\\ ⋮\\ I_6\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{L}_{11}& L_{12}& \dots & L_{16}\\ L_{21}& L_{22}& \dots & L_{26}\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ L_{61}& L_{62}& \dots & L_{66}\end{array}\right]\cdot \frac{d}{dt}\left[\begin{array}{c}{I}_1\\ I_2\\ ⋮\\ I_6\end{array}\right].$$

R₁ to R₆ represent the winding resistances. The self-inductance terms L_ii and the mutual inductance terms L_ij are computed from the voltage ratios, the inductive component of the no load excitation currents and the short-circuit reactances at nominal frequency. Two sets of values in positive-sequence and in zero-sequence allow calculation of the 6 diagonal terms and 15 off-diagonal terms of the symmetrical inductance matrix.

When the parameter Core type is set to Three single-phase cores, the model uses two independent circuits with (3x3) R and L matrices. In this condition, the positive-sequence and zero-sequence parameters are identical and you only specify positive-sequence values.

The self and mutual terms of the (6x6) L matrix are obtained from excitation currents (one three-phase winding is excited and the other three-phase winding is left open) and from positive- and zero-sequence short-circuit reactances X1₁₂ and X0₁₂ measured with three-phase winding 1 excited and three-phase winding 2 short-circuited.

Assuming the following positive-sequence parameters:

Q1₁= Three-phase reactive power absorbed by winding 1 at no load when winding 1 is excited by a positive-sequence voltage Vnom₁ with winding 2 open

Q1₂= Three-phase reactive power absorbed by winding 2 at no load when winding 2 is excited by a positive-sequence voltage Vnom₂ with winding 1 open

X1₁₂= Positive-sequence short-circuit reactance seen from winding 1
when winding 2 is short-circuited

Vnom₁, Vnom₂= Nominal line-line voltages of windings 1 and 2

The positive-sequence self and mutual reactances are given by:

$$\begin{array}{c}{X}_1(1,1)=\frac{V_{{\text{nom}}_1}^2}{Q{1}_1}\\ X_1(2,2)=\frac{V_{{\text{nom}}_2}^2}{Q{1}_2}\\ X_1(1,2)=X_1(2,1)=\sqrt{X_1(2,2)\cdot (X_1(1,1)-X{1}_{12}}).\end{array}$$

The zero-sequence self-reactances X₀(1,1), X₀(2,2), and mutual reactance X₀(1,2) = X₀(2,1) are also computed using similar equations.

Extension from the following two (2x2) reactance matrices in positive-sequence and in zero-sequence

$$\left[\begin{array}{cc}{X}_1(1,1)& X_1(1,2)\\ X_1(2,1)& X_1(2,2)\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cc}{X}_0(1,1)& X_0(1,2)\\ X_0(2,1)& X_0(2,2)\end{array}\right]$$

to a (6x6) matrix, is performed by replacing each of the four [X₁ X₀] pairs by a (3x3) submatrix of the form:

$$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{X}_s& X_m& X_m\\ X_m& X_s& X_m\\ X_m& X_m& X_s\end{array}\right]$$

where the self and mutual terms are given by:

X_s = (X₀ + 2X₁)/3
X_m = (X₀ – X₁)/3

In order to model the core losses (active power P1 and P0 in positive- and zero-sequences), additional shunt resistances are also connected to terminals of one of the three-phase windings. If winding 1 is selected, the resistances are computed as:

$$R{1}_1=\frac{V_{{\text{nom}}_1}^2}{P{1}_1}R{0}_1=\frac{V_{{\text{nom}}_1}^2}{P{0}_1}.$$

The block takes into account the connection type you select, and the icon of the block is automatically updated. An input port labeled N is added to the block if you select the Y connection with accessible neutral for winding 1. If you ask for an accessible neutral on winding 2, an extra outport port labeled n2 is generated.

Excitation Current in Zero Sequence

Often, the zero-sequence excitation current of a transformer with a 3-limb core is not provided by the manufacturer. In such a case, a reasonable value can be guessed as explained below.

The following figure shows a three-limb core with a single three-phase winding. Only phase B is excited and voltage is measured on phase A and phase C. The flux Φ produced by phase B shares equally between phase A and phase C so that Φ/2 is flowing in limb A and in limb C. Therefore, in this particular case, if leakage inductance of winding B would be zero, voltage induced on phases A an C would be -k.V_B=-V_B/2. In fact, because of the leakage inductance of the three windings, the average value of induced voltage ratio k when windings A, B, and C are successively excited must be slightly lower than 0.5.

Assume:

Z_s = average value of the three self-impedances
Z_m =average value of mutual impedance between phases
Z₁ = positive-sequence impedance of three-phase winding
Z₀ = zero-sequence impedance of three-phase winding
I₁ = positive-sequence excitation current
I₀ = zero-sequence excitation current

$$\begin{array}{c}{V}_B=Z_s{I}_B\\ V_A=Z_m{I}_B=-V_B/2\\ V_C=Z_m{I}_B=-V_B/2\\ Z_s=\frac{2Z_1+Z_0}{3}\\ Z_m=\frac{Z_0-Z_1}{3}\\ V_A=V_C=\frac{Z_m}{Z_s}{V}_B=-\frac{\frac{Z_1}{Z_0}-1}{2\frac{Z_1}{Z_0}+1}{V}_B=-\frac{\frac{I_0}{I_1}-1}{2\frac{I_0}{I_1}+1}{V}_B=-k{V}_B,\end{array}$$

where k= ratio of induced voltage (with k slightly lower than 0.5)

Therefore, the I₀/I₁ ratio can be deduced from k:

$$\frac{I_0}{I_1}=\frac{1+k}{1-2k}.$$

Obviously k cannot be exactly 0.5 because this would lead to an infinite zero-sequence current. Also, when the three windings are excited with a zero-sequence voltage, the flux path should return through the air and tank surrounding the iron core. The high reluctance of the zero-sequence flux path results in a high zero-sequence current.

Let us assume I₁= 0.5%. A reasonable value for I₀ could be 100%. Therefore I₀/I₁=200. According to the equation for I₀/I₁ given above, one can deduce the value of k. k=(200-1)/(2*200+1)= 199/401= 0.496.

Zero-sequence losses should be also higher than the positive-sequence losses because of the additional eddy current losses in the tank.

Finally, the value of the zero-sequence excitation current and the value of the zero-sequence losses are not critical if the transformer has a winding connected in Delta because this winding acts as a short circuit for zero-sequence.

Winding Connections

The three-phase windings of the transformer can be connected in the following manner:

• Y

• Y with accessible neutral

• Grounded Y

• Delta (D1), delta lagging Y by 30 degrees

• Delta (D11), delta leading Y by 30 degrees

Note

The D1 and D11 notations refer to the following clock convention. It assumes that the reference Y voltage phasor is at noon (12) on a clock display. D1 and D11 refer respectively to 1 PM (delta voltages lagging Y voltages by 30 degrees) and 11 AM (delta voltages leading Y voltages by 30 degrees).

Parameters

Configuration Tab

Core type

Select the core geometry: Three single-phase cores or Three-limb or five-limb core (default). If you select the first option, only the positive-sequence parameters are used to compute the inductance matrix. If you select the second option, both the positive- and zero-sequence parameters are used.

Winding 1 connection

The winding connection for three-phase winding 1. Choices are Y, Yn, Yg (default), Delta (D1), and Delta (D11).

Winding 2 connection

The winding connection for three-phase winding 2. Choices are Y, Yn, Yg (default), Delta (D1), and Delta (D11).

Connect windings 1 and 2 in autotransformer

Select to connect the three-phase windings 1 and 2 in autotransformer (three-phase windings 1 and 2 in series with additive voltage). Default is cleared.

If the first voltage specified in the Nominal line-line voltages parameter is higher than the second voltage, the low voltage tap is connected on the right side (a2,b2,c2 terminals). Otherwise, the low voltage tap is connected on the left side (A,B,C terminals).

In autotransformer mode you must specify the same winding connections for the three-phase windings 1 and 2. If you select Yn connection for both winding 1 and winding 2, the common neutral N connector is displayed on the left side.

The following figure illustrates winding connections for one phase of an autotransformer when the three-phase windings are both connected in Yg.

If V1 > V2:

If V2 > V1:

Windings W1,W2,W3 correspond to the following phase winding numbers:

• Phase A: W1=1, W2=4

• Phase B: W1=2, W2=5

• Phase C: W1=3, W2=6

Measurements

Select Winding voltages to measure the voltage across the winding terminals of the Three-Phase Transformer block.

Select Winding currents to measure the current flowing through the windings of the Three-Phase Transformer block.

Select All measurements to measure the winding voltages and currents.

Default is None.

Place a Multimeter block in your model to display the selected measurements during the simulation. In the Available Measurements list box of the Multimeter block, the measurements are identified by a label followed by the block name.

If the Winding 1 connection parameter is set to Y, Yn, or Yg, the labels are as follows.

Measurement	Label
Winding 1 voltages	Uan_w1: or Uag_w1:
Winding 1 currents	Ian_w1: or Iag_w1:

If the Winding 1 connection parameter is set to Delta (D11) or Delta (D1), the labels are as follows.

Measurement	Label
Winding 1 voltages	Uab_w1:
Winding 1 currents	Iab_w1:

The same labels apply for three-phase winding 2, except that 1 is replaced by 2 in the labels.

Parameters Tab

Nominal power and frequency

The nominal power rating, in volt-amperes (VA), and nominal frequency, in hertz (Hz), of the transformer. Default is [100e3, 60].

Nominal line-line voltages [V1 V2]

The phase-to-phase nominal voltages of windings 1 and 2 in volts RMS. Default is [2400, 600].

Winding resistances [R1 R2]

The resistances in pu for windings 1 and 2. Default is [0.01, 0.01].

Positive-sequence no-load excitation current

The no-load excitation current in percent of the nominal current when positive-sequence nominal voltage is applied at any three-phase winding terminals (ABC or abc2). Default is 2.

Positive-sequence no-load losses

The core losses plus winding losses at no-load, in watts (W), when positive-sequence nominal voltage is applied at any three-phase winding terminals (ABC or abc2). Default is 1000.

Positive-sequence short-circuit reactance

The positive-sequence short-circuit reactances X12 in pu. X12 is the reactance measured from winding 1 when winding 2 is short-circuited. Default is 0.06.

When the Connect windings 1 and 2 in autotransformer parameter is selected, the short-circuit reactances is labeled XHL. H and L indicate respectively the high voltage winding (either winding 1 or winding 2) and the low voltage winding (either winding 1 or winding 2).

Zero-sequence no-load excitation current with Delta windings opened

The no-load excitation current in percent of the nominal current when zero-sequence nominal voltage is applied at any three-phase winding terminals (ABC or abc2) connected in Yg or Yn. Default is 100.

Note

If your transformer contains delta-connected windings (D1 or D11), the zero-sequence current flowing into the Yg or Yn winding connected to the zero-sequence voltage source does not represent the net excitation current because zero-sequence currents are also flowing in the delta winding. Therefore, you must specify the no-load zero-sequence circulation current obtained with the delta windings open.

If you want to measure this excitation current, you must temporarily change the delta windings connections from D1 or D11 to Y, Yg, or Yn, and connect the excited winding in Yg or Yn to provide a return path for the source zero-sequence currents.

Zero-sequence no-load losses with Delta windings opened

The core losses plus winding losses at no-load, in watts (W), when zero-sequence nominal voltage is applied at any group of winding terminals (ABC or abc2) connected in Yg or Yn. The Delta winding must be temporarily open to measure these losses. Default is 1500.

Note

If your transformer contains delta-connected windings (D1 or D11), the zero-sequence current flowing into the Yg or Yn winding connected to the zero-sequence voltage source does not represent the net excitation current because zero-sequence currents are also flowing in the delta winding. Therefore, you must specify the no-load zero-sequence circulation current obtained with the delta windings open.

Zero-sequence short-circuit reactance

The zero-sequence short-circuit reactance X12 in pu. X12 is the reactance measured from winding 1 when winding 2 is short-circuited. Default is 0.03.

When the Connect windings 1 and 2 in autotransformer parameter is selected, the short-circuit reactances is labeled XHL. H and L indicate respectively the high voltage winding (either winding 1 or winding 2) and the low voltage winding (either winding 1 or winding 2).

Limitations

This transformer model does not include saturation. If you need modeling saturation, connect the primary winding of a saturable Three-Phase Transformer (Two Windings) in parallel with the primary winding of your model. Use the same connection (Yg, D1 or D11) and same winding resistance for the two windings connected in parallel. Specify the Y or Yg connection for the secondary winding and leave it open. Specify appropriate voltage, power ratings, and saturation characteristics that you want. The saturation characteristic is obtained when the transformer is excited by a positive-sequence voltage.

If you are modeling a transformer with three single-phase cores or a five-limb core, this model produces acceptable saturation currents because flux stays trapped inside the iron core.

For a three-limb core, this saturation model still produces acceptable results, even if zero-sequence flux circulates outside of the core and returns through the air and the transformer tank surrounding the iron core. As the zero-sequence flux circulates in the air, the magnetic circuit is mainly linear and its reluctance is high (high magnetizing currents). These high zero-sequence currents (100% and more of nominal current) required to magnetize the air path are already taken into account in the linear model. Connecting a saturable transformer outside the three-limb linear model with a flux-current characteristic obtained in positive sequence produces currents required for magnetization of the iron core. This model gives acceptable results whether the three-limb transformer has a delta or not.